PRISON INMATE INVENTORY

Objective and accurate inmate screening

The PII is designed for prison inmate (male and female) assessment. The PII is an automated (computer-scored) assessment instrument or test. This document describes the PII and explains how it works. It also discusses unique PII features, explains PII scale interpretation and presents an example PII report.

Description

The PII is designed for prison inmate (male and female) assessment. The PII has 161 items and takes approximately 35 to 40 minutes to complete. PII reports are scored and printed on-site. The PII has 10 measures (scales): 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Antisocial Scale, 4. Adjustment Scale, 5. Self-Esteem Scale, 6. Judgment Scale, 7. Distress Scale, 8. Alcohol Scale, 9. Drugs Scale, and 10. Stress Coping Abilities Scale. The PII has been standardized on thousands of inmates. It is a popular prison inmate screening instrument or test.

Ten PII Scales

The PII contains 10 separate measures (scales) that are standardized and normed on the prison inmate (male and female) population. These include:

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the inmate was while completing the test. It identifies guarded and defensive inmates who attempt to minimize problems or fake their answers. It identifies faking good.
    
2. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the use of force to injure, damage or destroy. It identifies inmates that are dangerous to themselves and others.
    
3. Antisocial Scale: Measures antisocial attitudes and behavior. It identifies inmates that are opposed to society and social norms.
    
4. Adjustment Scale: Measures the inmate’s ability to cope with incarceration. It evaluates the inmate’s emotional and social adjustment.
    
5. Self-Esteem Scale: Describes the person one believes oneself to be. This scale measures inmate worthiness or feelings of self-worth.
    
6. Judgment Scale: Measures an inmate’s ability to draw conclusions from events and the actions of people around them. Inmate risk increases as judgment decreases.
    
7. Distress Scale: Measures inmate discomfort, unhappiness and pain. Distress incorporates anxiety, depression and concern.
    
8. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol proneness and severity of alcohol-related problems. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquor.
    
9. Drugs Scale: Measures drug abuse proneness and the severity of drug-related problems. Drugs include marijuana, crack, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin.
    
10. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures an inmate’s ability to handle stress. Stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptoms. This is a non-introversive way to screen diagnosable mental health problems.

The PII assesses attitudes and behaviors yielding an inmate profile. Paper-pencil test administration takes on average 35 to 40 minutes, and tests are computer scored on-site with reports printed within 3 minutes.

The PII was developed for inmate evaluation. It is much more than just another alcohol or drug test; consequently, it measures important behaviors missed by other tests.

PII Test Booklets

PII test booklets are provided free. These booklets contain 161 items (true/false and multiple choice) and are written at a high 5^th to low 6^th grade level. If a person can read the newspaper, they can read the PII. It takes 35 to 40 minutes to complete this test. PII test booklets are available in both English and Spanish.

PII Reports

In brief, PII reports summarize the inmate’s self-reported history, explain what attained scores mean and offer specific score-related recommendations. An example Prison Inmate Inventory (PII) report can be viewed by clicking on the PII Example Report link.

Within 3 minutes of test data entry, automated (computer-generated) 4-page reports are printed on-site. These reports summarize a lot of information in an easily understood format. For example, these reports include a PII profile (graph), which summarizes inmate findings at a glance. Also included are attained scale scores, an explanation of what each score means and specific score-related recommendations.

Significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to the built-in interview (the last section of multiple choice items) are presented. Emphasis is placed on having meaningful reports that are helpful and easily understood.

To go directly to the example PII report, click on the PII Report link. After reviewing the report, you can return to this section by clicking on the "Return to PII Reports Section" link.

Software

The PII is available in MS-DOS or Windows diskettes and CD's. MS-DOS diskettes contain all their own software. Windows diskettes require a one-time computer setup procedure after which PII data diskettes are used. Training manuals are provided, and new test users can be walked through these procedures over Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc.'s (Risk & Needs') telephone line.

Proprietary PII diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½" or 5¼" diskettes score, interpret and print PII reports on-site. Once a PII account is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. When all test applications are used, diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs where the test data and demographics are downloaded into the PII database for subsequent research analysis. The proprietary "delete names" program is activated by the test user with a few keystrokes to delete all inmates' names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs.   Deleting all inmates’ names insures inmate confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

"Delete names program insures confidentiality"

The "PII: Orientation and Training Manual" explains how the PII works and should be read by staff. The "PII: Computer Operating Guide" explains how to score tests, print or store reports and discusses other unique PII computer-related features.

PII Database

The PII system contains a proprietary database. Earlier, it was noted that all PII used diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs, and the test data along with related demographics are downloaded into the PII database. This database (over 85,000 PII tests) allows ongoing research and testing program summary -- capabilities that were not possible before. Ongoing research insures quality control. Test program summaries provide program self-evaluation.

Built-in Database: Permits ongoing research and annual program summary -- at no additional cost. As discussed earlier, when the 25 or 50 tests on a diskette are used, that diskette is returned to Risk & Needs, checked for any viruses and downloaded into the expanding PII database. This proprietary database includes over 85,000 inmates’ test data. Advantages of a built-in database are many and include database (research) analysis and annual summary reports. Click on the Annual Summary Reports link to review an example summary report.

Returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, correctional institution or agency basis -- at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide information for testing program self-evaluation.

In summary, having all used PII test data centrally filed at Risk & Needs' offices in the PII database has many advantages. Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale alpha coefficients, frequency distributions, correlations, ANOVA, cross-tab statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy determinations. We continue to study the effects of demographics and are undertaking recidivism prediction studies. A Prison Inmate Inventory (PII) research study can be reviewed by clicking on the PII Research Study link.

Annual Summary Reports

Risk & Needs can access each of its tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and summarization of all tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and even some individual providers -- at no cost to them. These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports include demographics, court-history when relevant, and test statistics (reliability, validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Risk & Needs' annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests annually. An example Annual Summary Report can be viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Reports link.

Reliability, Validity and Accuracy

The PII has a built-in database that insures inclusion of all tests administered in a confidential (no names) manner. Over 85,000 inmates’ test data are represented in the PII database. And, these reliability, validity and accuracy statistics are reported in the document titled "PII: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Annual database analysis has revealed that PII scales maintain very high reliability coefficients and minimum interscale correlations.

For example, the internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for PII scales are reported here for 20,780 inmates screened in the year 2000. This is only one among several year 2000 samples.

A PII research study is presented at the end of this webpage. To go directly to this research, click on the PII Research Study link.

All PII scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75 and are highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are significant at the p<.001 level. To review another research study, click on the PII Research Study link.

PII research extends over 15 years. Many studies have been conducted on thousands (not just hundreds) of inmates using several validation methods. Early studies used criterion measures and were validated with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L-Scale, MMPI F-Scale, SAQ-Adult Probation, 16-PF, MMPI Psychopathic Deviate Scale, Mac-Andrews, MAST, MMPI Anxiety Scale, MAS (Taylor Manifest Anxiety) Scale, TSC-VII Scale, etc. Much of this research is summarized in the document titled "PII: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Subsequently, many discriminant validity (first versus multiple offenders) and predictive validity (treatment versus non-treatment) database analysis studies support PII reliability and validity.

"Standardized on Thousands of Inmates"

PII norms are based on inmates which now exceed 85,000 individuals. These norms are updated annually for each PII scale. Separate norms are available for gender (males and females), ethnicity (Caucasian, Black and Hispanic) and geographic (state-by-state) regions. This database research is ongoing.

Advantages of Screening

Screening or assessment instruments filter out individuals with serious problems that may require referral for a more comprehensive evaluation and/or treatment. This filtering system works as follows:

Reference to the above risk range table shows that a problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher. These risk range percentiles are based upon the thousands of inmates that have taken the PII. This procedure is eminently fair, and it avoids extremes, i.e., over-identification and under-identification of problems.

A state, department or corrections system policy might refer inmates with serious problems (Severe Problem, 11%) for additional services. In this example, 89% of the inmates screened would not be referred for additional (and expensive) services.

Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large with no compromises in inmates receiving appropriate evaluation and/or treatment services. Indeed, more inmates would receive help. Without a screening program, there is usually more risk of over or under-utilization of additional professional services.

The PII scales identify the areas they screen. And, these scales (measures) are: 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Antisocial Scale, 4. Adjustment Scale, 5. Self-Esteem Scale, 6. Judgment Scale, 7. Distress Scale, 8. Alcohol Scale, 9. Drugs Scale and 10. Stress Coping Abilities Scale.

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Fairness goes beyond reliability and validity. The term applies to test accuracy for demographic groups like gender and ethnicity (race). The PII has been normed on these demographic groups in states where correctional institutions use the PII. This research is ongoing in nature. PII scale scoring equations are adjusted, as warranted, on an annual basis to insure fairness.

Staff Member Input: Some people advocate fully automated assessment. Risk & Needs does not. The PII is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available, court and corrections records should be reviewed because they can contain important information not provided or incorrectly provided by the inmate. Experienced staff should also interview the inmate. For these reasons, the following statement is contained on each PII report: "Prison Inmate Inventory or PII results are confidential and should be considered working hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision should be based solely upon PII results. The PII is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment and review of available records."

Unique PII Features

Truthfulness Scale: Identifies denial, problem minimization and faking. It is now clear that many inmates attempt to minimize their problems. A Truthfulness Scale is now a necessary component in contemporary inmate tests. The PII Truthfulness Scale has been validated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), polygraph exams, other tests, truthfulness studies and experienced staff judgment. The PII Truthfulness Scale has been demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. In some respects, the PII Truthfulness Scale is similar to the MMPI’s L and F-Scales. It consists of a number of items that most people agree or disagree with.

"Truthfulness Scale and Truth-Corrected Scores"

Truth-Corrected scores have proven to be very important for assessment accuracy. This proprietary truth correction program is comparable to the MMPI K-Scale correction. The PII Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with the other 9 scales. The Truth Correction equation then converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores. Raw scores reflect what the inmate wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the inmate is trying to hide.

Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the inmate handles stress, tension and pressure. How well a person handles stress can effect their adjustment and mental health. We now know that stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptomatology. This scale is a non-introversive way to screen established (diagnosable) mental health problems. An inmate scoring at or above the 90^th percentile on the Stress Coping Abilities Scale might be referred for a more comprehensive evaluation, diagnosis and treatment plan. This important area of inquiry is missed by other inmate screening tests.

More than just another alcohol or drug test. In addition to alcohol and drugs, the PII assesses other important areas of inquiry like truthfulness, denial and faking, violence (lethality) proneness, antisocial attitudes, self-esteem, feelings of distress and judgment. The Stress Coping Abilities Scale was discussed earlier. The PII is specifically designed for inmate (male and female) assessment. It provides the information needed for understanding inmate attitudes and behavior.

"Alternative for reading impaired inmates"

Three ways to give the PII. The PII can be administered in three different ways: 1. Paper-pencil test booklet format is the most popular testing procedure. PII English and Spanish test booklets and answer sheets are available at no added cost. 2. PII tests can be given directly on the computer screen. Some correctional institutions dedicate computers for PII testing. And, 3. Human voice audio in English and Spanish is available. This involves a computer, a headset and the inmate uses the up-down arrow keys. As the inmate goes from question to answer with the arrow keys, the question or answer is highlighted on the monitor (screen) and simultaneously read to the inmate. The three administration modes are discussed in the "PII: Orientation and Training Manual." Each test administration mode has advantages and some limitations. Risk & Needs offers these three testing modes so test users can select the administration mode that is optimally suited to their needs.

Reading Impaired Assessment: Reading impaired inmates represent 20+ percent of inmates tested. This represents a serious problem to many other inmate tests. In contrast, Risk & Needs has developed an alternative for dealing with this problem: Human Voice Audio.

Human Voice Audio: Presentation of the PII in English and Spanish helps resolve many reading and cultural difference issues. Inmates’ passive vocabularies are often greater than their active vocabularies. Hearing items read out loud often helps reduce both cultural and communication problems. This PII administration mode requires a computer, earphones and simple instructions regarding how to operate the up-down arrow keys on the computer keyboard.

Confidentiality: Risk & Needs encourages test users to delete inmate names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. Once inmate names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting inmate names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the PII database for subsequent analysis. This proprietary name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures inmate confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

Test Data Input Verification: Allows the person that inputs the test data from the answer sheet into the computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and second data entries are highlighted until corrected. When the first and second data entries match or are the same, the staff person can continue. This proprietary Test Data Input Verification procedure is optional, yet it is strongly recommended by Risk & Needs.

Inventory of Scientific Findings: Much of the PII research has been gathered together in one document titled "PII: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes PII research chronologically -- as the studies were completed. This innovative chronological reporting format was established largely because of the PII database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered. It also allows the reader to observe the evolution of the PII into its current state-of-the-art status.

Orientation and Training Manual: The PII: Orientation and Training Manual (O&T Manual) explains how the PII works. This manual is a must read for staff that will be using the PII. O&T Manual content includes, but is not limited to, the following: instructions for testing, explanation of how scores are derived, description of how court and corrections information is used, description of unique PII features and much much more. The O&T Manual is comprehensive.

Computer Operating Guide: Some computer operators want more information than others. Consequently, Risk & Needs provides a One-Page Quick Start, which includes basic instructions for scoring PII’s, and a more comprehensive PII: Computer Operating Guide. The Computer Operating Guide contains instructions for using MS-DOS as well as Windows software. This manual discusses hardware, software, scoring, printing reports, unique program features and much more.

Optical Scanner Scoring: Inmates' PII answer sheets can be "scanned" or automatically scored. This is useful in high volume assessment centers and testing milieus. This option requires scanner hardware. To insure accurate scanner scoring, Risk & Needs likes to coordinate with staff that will be using the scanner to score PII answer sheets. Risk & Needs' telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com. Answer sheet scanning is discussed in depth in the PII: Computer Operating Guide.

Staff Training: Risk & Needs' staff are available to participate in PII training programs conducted by correctional institutions in the United States. Risk & Needs' staff typically participates in 4-hour or 6-hour PII training sessions. This training can include hands-on computer scoring, as desired. Risk & Needs gives attendees certificates attesting to their PII training.

Staff training is also provided on Fridays at Risk & Needs' Phoenix offices from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To participate, contact Risk & Needs at least ten days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.

Automated Criminogenic Structured Interview (ACSI): The ACSI is a structured interview, not a test. The ACSI consists of 65 multiple choice items. It obtains comprehensive background history, pattern of substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse and criminogenic needs information. Whatever multiple choice item answer that is selected is printed in the ACSI report. Use of the ACSI is voluntary (not required). The ACSI is free. ACSI use is restricted to users of Risk & Needs adult tests. The ACSI is not a test, and it is not to be used as a standalone test. The ACSI is a structured interview. For more information on the ACSI and to see an ACSI report, click on this ACSI link.

Why Select the PII?

The PII meets and exceeds most inmate screening criteria. It is endorsed by users and is widely used in the United States. There are over 85,000 inmates’ PII test data in the PII database. The PII has repeatedly been demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. Ongoing research continues to study and adjust for demographics like age, gender and ethnicity (race).

The PII's ten scales measure truthfulness, quantify the severity of alcohol and drug abuse, assess violence (lethality) propensity, antisocial attitudes and distress, as well as overall adjustment and self-esteem along with stress coping abilities. Screening stress coping abilities allows non-introversive identification of the presence of established (diagnosable) emotional and mental health problems.

The PII's built-in database facilitates cost efficient database analysis and annual testing program summary. These two unique features -- ongoing database analysis and annual summary reports -- are provided free.

Inmates’ PII reports are timely (available on-site in 3½ minutes), readable and easy to understand. Score-related recommendations are relevant. It’s reasonable to conclude the PII is the state-of-the-art in contemporary inmate assessment and screening. And, Risk & Needs doesn’t stop there! The PII is very affordable.

"Free PII Examination Kit"

Test Unit Fee (Cost): PII cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. There is only the one cost or charge, and that is the test unit fee. Everything else is included at no additional cost to the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary testing reports, staff training, and support services. Do not be misled by some test publishers' à la carte pricing like separate costs for each test administration as well as for each of the test-related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We believe Risk & Needs' one test unit fee is very affordable.

Free Examination Kit

A 1-test PII demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in MS-DOS format so that all the software is contained on the diskette. This way, the one-time Windows setup program is avoided at the demo level. This examination kit has a 1-test demo diskette, test booklet (reusable), and an answer sheet (can photocopy), a PII: Orientation and Training Manual, One-Page Quick Start and some descriptive materials. Risk & Needs does want the demonstration diskette and test booklet returned within 30 days. To request a free examination kit, click on the Free Examination Kit Request link.

How to Proceed

To become a Risk & Needs test user, click on the Agreement & Proposals link, click on the Print Client User Agreement button and fax the completed form to (602) 266-8227, or mail your completed form to Risk & Needs. Upon its receipt by Risk & Needs, you become a Risk & Needs test user and can order tests. Current Risk & Needs test users can reorder by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail.

Other related links are listed for reference. They are available as needed.

    Test Unit Fee (Cost) webpage link. Explains Risk & Needs' Test Unit Fees or Costs.
    New Client Order webpage link. Explains steps to become a "new Risk & Needs client."
    How to Order webpage link. Explains how Risk & Needs tests can be ordered.

Additional information can be provided upon request. Contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828, Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828. Risk & Needs' telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.

Selecting an Inmate Screening Test

If you are selecting an inmate (male and female) assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. This checklist summarizes important assessment and screening qualities. The "Other" column represents any other test you might want to compare to the PII.

"Multidimensional PII profiles"

PII Scale Interpretation

An example 4-page PII report follows this discussion of PII interpretation. It is provided as a ready reference to augment this dialogue. There are several levels of PII interpretation ranging from viewing the PII as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and scale interrelationships.

The following table is a starting point for interpreting PII scale scores.

A problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher. Elevated scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70^th percentile. Severe Problems are identified by scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile. Severe problems represent the highest 11 percent of inmates evaluated with the PII. The PII has been normed on over 85,000 inmates. And, this normative sample continues to expand with each PII test that is administered.

SCALE INTERPRETATION

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the inmate was while completing the test. It identifies guarded and defensive inmates who attempt to fake good. Scores at or below the 89^th percentile mean that all PII scales are accurate. Scale scores in the 70^th to 89^th percentile range are accurate because they have been Truth-Corrected. Scores at or above the 90^th percentile mean that all PII scales are inaccurate (invalid) because the inmate was overly guarded, read things into test items that aren’t there, was minimizing problems, or was caught faking answers. Inmates with reading impairments might also score in this 90^th to 100^th percentile scoring range. If not consciously deceptive, inmates with elevated Truthfulness Scale scores are uncooperative, fail to understand test items or have a need to appear in a good light. The Truthfulness Scale score is important because it shows whether or not the inmate answered PII test items honestly. Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89^th percentile indicate that all other PII scale scores are accurate. One of the first things to check when reviewing a PII report is the Truthfulness Scale score.

2. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Identifies inmates that are dangerous to themselves and others. Violence is defined as the expression of rage and hostility through physical force. It is aggression in its most extreme and unacceptable form. Inmates having elevated scores can be demanding, sensitive to perceived criticism and are insightless about how they express their anger/hostility. Severe Problem scorers should not be ignored, as they are threatening and very dangerous. A particularly unstable and perilous situation involves an elevated Violence Scale with an elevated Antisocial, Alcohol, Drugs or Judgment Scale score. Substance abuse, antisocial attitudes and poor judgment can contribute to dangerousness. The more of these scales that are elevated with the Violence Scale, the worse the prognosis. An elevated Adjustment Scale or Stress Coping Abilities Scale provides insight regarding co-determinants and possible treatment recommendations. A Severe Problem Violence Scale score in conjunction with an elevated Distress Scale and/or Self-Esteem Scale suggests suicidal ideation should be explored. The Violence Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PII scales.

3. Antisocial Scale: Measures antisocial attitudes and behavior. Antisocial is defined as opposed to society or existing social organization and moral codes. Antisocial behavior refers to aggressive, impulsive and sometimes violent actions that flout social and ethical codes, such as laws, property rights, etc. This behavior pattern often begins with a conduct disorder involving lying, stealing, fighting, cruelty, truancy, vandalism, theft and substance abuse. Elevated Antisocial Scale scores are often associated with non-internalization of recognized conventions. Many high scorers manifest a seeming inability to profit from experience. An elevated Antisocial Scale score in conjunction with an elevated Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale or Violence Scale score would be a malignant sign prognostically. A Severe Problem Stress Coping Ability Scale score with an elevated Severe Problem Antisocial Scale suggests the possibility of a suspicious/paranoid mental health problem. Continuing, a Severe Problem Self-Esteem Scale score and/or Distress Scale score accompanying a Severe Problem Antisocial Scale score could be a suicidal ideation or explosiveness warning. The elevations of the Self-Esteem and Antisocial Scales would help determine if the inmate’s hostility is internalized (self-esteem) or externalized (antisocial). An accompanying elevated Judgment Scale score would be another malignant prognostic sign. The Antisocial Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PII scales.

4. Adjustment Scale: Measures the inmate’s ability to adjust to incarceration, which can be a very stressful experience. Inmate adjustment requires modification of the inmate’s attitudes and behavior. Stressors vary widely from a controlled environment (along with frustration, humiliation and monotony) to a myriad of emotion provoking events. When the Adjustment Scale is elevated, review other PII scales. For example, is the inmate also dangerous (Violence Scale), antisocial (Antisocial Scale), suffering from a substance abuse (Alcohol and Drugs Scales) problem, or manifesting poor feelings of self-worth (Self-Esteem Scale)? An elevated Adjustment Scale suggests one level of intervention; whereas, an Adjustment Scale score in the Severe Problem range suggests other intervention options. An elevated Adjustment Scale score with an elevated Distress Scale score is suggestive of environmental conflict. Similarly, elevated Alcohol and/or Drugs Scale scores could identify focal issues impacting upon the inmate’s adjustment. The Adjustment Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PII scales.

5. Self-Esteem: Measures an inmate’s feelings of self-worth. This scale is a reflection of the inmate’s self-acceptance, self-approval, and self-respect. The concept of self evolves from self-evaluation of one’s ability, personal worth, attainment of goals and achieving one’s potential. The circumstances preceding their incarceration and present environmental milieu results in many inmates having impaired self-esteem. This is another example of the importance of standardizing the PII on inmates. Self-Esteem Scale scores are based on thousands of inmates' scores. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Self-Esteem Scale score indicates impaired self-esteem; whereas, scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range reflect established feelings of worthlessness and loss of self-respect. An elevated Self-Esteem Scale score with Adjustment and/or Distress Scale score even higher is suggestive of severe environmental conflict or suicidal ideation. In contrast, concurrently elevated Judgment, Antisocial or Violence Scale scores are often associated with acting out. When these scales are higher than the Self-Esteem Scale (e.g., in the Severe Problem range), they suggest a very dangerous inmate. The ubiquitous nature of self-esteem in the clinical literature emphasizes its importance in inmate intervention/treatment programming. And, as discussed earlier, the Self-Esteem Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other scales.

6. Judgment Scale: Measures an inmate’s ability to formulate opinions or draw conclusions from the actions of people and events around them. Distortions in judgment are often maladaptive and based on faulty motives due to peer pressure, concrete thinking, psychopathology or infantile wishes. Judgment Scale scores indicate the types of decisions inmates make in their lives. The relationship between "judgment" and "intelligence" is an empirical question that needs further study. However, we know that very high (Severe Problem) Judgment Scale scores may result from an inmate not understanding test items, which is usually detected by the Truthfulness Scale score. It also appears that Judgment Scale scores are often interactive with other PII scale scores. In general, as judgment decreases, inmate risk increases. The Judgment Scale can also be interpreted independently of other scales.

7. Distress Scale: Measures inmate discomfort, unhappiness and pain. Distressed inmates are very concerned, bothered and upset. Distress is one of the most common reasons people initiate counseling or psychotherapy. And, it often serves as the beginning point in clinical inquiry. The magnitude of the Distress Scale is important. Elevated scores indicate something is wrong. Distress Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range indicate the inmate is hurting, overwhelmed and desperate. A Severe Problem Distress Scale score in conjunction with a Severe Problem Self-Esteem Scale and/or Stress Coping Abilities Scale suggests very serious emotional problems and is usually a malignant sign. The Distress Scale can also be interpreted independently of other PII scales.

8. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquor. It is a licit substance. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious drinking problems.

Since a history of alcohol problems could result in an abstainer (current non-drinker) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score, precautions have been built into the PII to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics." Several PII items are printed in the "Significant Items" and again in the "Multiple Choice" (page 4) sections of the PII report for quick reference. These "recovering alcohol" items include the following: inmate substance abuse history (item 137), drinking self-description (item 140), inmate’s desire for alcohol treatment (item 141), inmate’s self-admission to a drinking problem (item 142), and the inmate’s answer to the "recovering alcoholic" question (item 143). In addition, the risk range paragraphs (printed for elevated Alcohol Scale scores) clearly state that the inmate may be a "recovering alcoholic."

In intervention and/or treatment settings, the inmate’s Alcohol Scale score helps staff work through inmate denial. Most inmates accept the objective and standardized Alcohol Scale score as accurate and relevant. This is particularly true when it is explained that elevated scores don’t occur by chance. The inmate must answer a definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions for an elevated score to occur. And, Alcohol Scale scores are based on thousands of inmates who have completed the PII.

An elevated Alcohol Scale score in conjunction with other elevated scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated scores when the inmate drinks. For example, if you have an inmate with an elevated Violence Scale who also has an elevated Alcohol Scale score, that inmate is even more dangerous when drinking.

When both Alcohol and Drugs Scales are elevated, the higher score represents the inmate’s substance of choice. When both are in the Severe Problem range, explore polysubstance abuse. The Alcohol Scale can also be interpreted independently.

9. Drugs Scale: Measures drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, cocaine, crack, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. These are illicit substances. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious illicit drug abusers.

Similar to the Alcohol Scale, a history of drug-related problems could result in an abstainer (drug history, but not presently using or abusing drugs) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score. Precautions have been built into the PII to correctly identify "recovering drug abusers." Several PII items are printed in the "Multiple Choice" and again in the "Structured Interview" (page 4) sections of PII reports for easy reference. These "recovering drug abuser" items include the following: inmate substance abuse history (item 137), drug use self-description (item 140), admission to a current drug problem (item 142), inmate’s answer to the "recovering drug abuser" question (item 143), and self-description of the inmate’s drug use (item 144). In addition, the elevated Drugs Scale score paragraphs (in the PII report) clearly state that the inmate may be a "recovering" drug abuser.

In intervention and treatment settings, the inmate's Drugs Scale score helps staff work through inmate denial in a similar way as explained earlier for the Alcohol Scale. And, an elevated Drugs Scale score in conjunction with other elevated scale scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated scores when the inmate uses drugs. For example, an elevated Violence Scale in conjunction with an elevated Drugs Scale score increases the severity and risk associated with the Violence Scale when the inmate uses drugs.

When both the Drugs and Alcohol Scales are elevated, the higher score represents the inmate’s substance of choice. When both are in the Severe Problem range, explore polysubstance abuse. The Drugs Scale can also be interpreted independently.

10. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the inmate copes with stress. It is now accepted that stress exacerbates symptoms of mental and emotional problems. Thus, an elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score in conjunction with other elevated PII scales helps explain the inmate’s situation. When an inmate doesn’t handle stress well, other existing problems are often exacerbated. Such problem augmentation applies to substance abuse, behavioral acting-out and attitudinal problems.

An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can also exacerbate emotional and mental health symptomatology. When a Stress Coping Abilities Scale score is in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range, it is very likely that the inmate has a diagnosable mental health problem. In these instances, referral to a certified/licensed mental health professional is warranted for a diagnosis and treatment plan. Lower elevated scores suggest possible referral alternatives like stress management counseling. The Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PII scales.

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In conclusion, it was noted that there are several "levels" of PII interpretation ranging from viewing the PII as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and interrelationships. Staff can then put PII test report findings within the context of the inmate’s life and corrections situation.

Additional PII information can be provided upon request. Risk & Needs' telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.

AN EXAMPLE PII REPORT FOLLOWS

The first page of the PII Report begins with the inmate's name and some basic demographics. The PII profile enables staff to understand the inmate's PII results at a glance. From left to right, scale names are followed by the attained percentile score and its graphic presentation. Page one ends with an inmate's self-reported court history. Considerable insight can be provided by comparing the inmate's self-report with their official records.

The second page of the PII report presents six scale paragraphs. Each paragraph gives the inmate's attained score, explains what that score means and sets forth specific score-related recommendations. These six paragraphs include: Truthfulness Scale, Adjustment Scale, Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale, Antisocial Scale and the Violence (Lethality) Scale.

The third page of the PII report completes the summary paragraphs on the Distress Scale, Judgment Scale, Self-Esteem Scale and the Stress Coping Abilities Scale. Each of these paragraphs gives the inmate's attained score, explains what that score means and provides specific score-related recommendations. Page 3 concludes with the "Significant Items" for the Alcohol, Drugs, Antisocial and Violence (Lethality) Scales. A significant item is a direct admission or an unusual answer.

The fourth page of the PII report begins with the multiple choice (items 127 through 145, Section 3). These are four choice items, and the answer selected by the inmate to each of these items is presented on page 4 of the PII report. Sometimes, comparison of the inmate's subjective answers with their empirically based scale scores provides insight into the inmate's attitude and motivation. Space is then provided for staff Recommendations and/or Comments, staff signature, ID number and date. The PII report concludes with a reproduction of the inmate's answers to all of the PII items. The summary of the PII responses aids staff identification of inmate's answers to specific items of interest.