DEFENDANT QUESTIONNAIRE
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Description
The Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) is designed for defendant (misdemeanor or felony) assessment in court settings. The DQ is particularly useful in substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse-related cases. It is also used in probation and community corrections program screening.
The DQ has 162 items and takes 35 minutes, on average, to complete. It has a 5th to 6th grade reading level. DQ reports are computer-scored and printed on-site within 2½ minutes of test completion. The DQ has 7 measures (scales): 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Alcohol Scale, 3. Drugs Scale, 4. Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale, 5. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 6. Antisocial Scale and 7. Stress Coping Abilities Scale.
The DQ evaluates the defendant’s test taking attitude and identifies faking. It measures substance use and severity of abuse. The DQ integrates DSM-IV substance abuse/dependency criteria with alcohol and drug severity measures and recommendations for intervention in accordance with American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) guidelines. It also quantifies violence (lethality) potential and antisocial tendencies. And, the DQ also measures the defendant’s ability to cope with stress. It’s an understatement to say the DQ is much more than just another alcohol or drug test.
Seven DQ Scales
- Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the defendant was while completing the DQ. It would be naive to assume that defendants always tell the truth -- particularly in court-related settings. Defendants usually attempt to minimize their problems and concerns. The Truthfulness Scale detects denial and faking.
- Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and severity of abuse. "Alcohol" refers to beer, wine and other liquors. This scale measures the severity of alcohol abuse while identifying alcohol-related problems.
- Drugs Scale: Measures the severity of drug (marijuana, crack, ice, LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin) use and abuse while identifying drug-related problems. This scale is independent of the Alcohol Scale.
- Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale: Classifies substance (alcohol and/or other drugs) users as abusers, dependent users or non-pathological users according to DSM-IV criteria.
- Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the defendant’s propensity for using force to injure, damage or destroy. This scale identifies people that are dangerous to themselves or others.
- Antisocial Scale: Measures antisocial attitudes and behavior. It identifies defendants that are opposed to society and are aggressive, destructive and irresponsible. In general, antisocial people are opposed to existing social organization and moral codes.
- Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures the defendant’s ability to cope effectively with stress, tension and pressure. Stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptoms. This is a non-introversive way to screen diagnosable mental health problems.
"Objective and accurate defendant assessment"
DQ Test Booklet
DQ test booklets are provided free. These booklets contain 162 items and are written at a 5th to 6th grade reading level. If a person can read the newspaper, they can read the DQ. Questions are direct and easily understood. It takes 35 minutes, on average, for defendants to complete the test. DQ test booklets are available in both English and Spanish.
DQ Reports
In brief, DQ reports summarize the defendant’s self-reported court history, explain what attained scores mean and offer specific score-related recommendations.
Within 2½ minutes from test data entry, automated (computer-scored) 4-page reports are available on-site. These reports summarize a wealth of information in an easily understood format. For example, these reports include a DQ profile (graph), which summarizes client findings at a glance. Also included are explanations of what each score means and specific score-related recommendations.
Significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to the built-in interview (the last sequence of multiple choice items) are presented. Emphasis has been placed on having meaningful reports that are helpful and easily understood.
To go directly to the example DQ report, click on the DQ Report link. After reviewing the report, you can return to this section by clicking on the "Return to DQ Reports Section" link.
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The following links provide direct access to some DQ features. | |
Test Unit Fee (Cost) |
DQ Scale Interpretation |
Reliability and Validity | Example DQ Report |
Free Examination Kit | DQ Research Study |
Advantages of Screening
Screening or assessment instruments filter out individuals with serious problems that may require referral for a more comprehensive evaluation and/or treatment. This filtering system works as follows:
Percentile |
Percentage |
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Reference to the above Risk Range table shows that a problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70th percentile or higher. These risk range percentiles are based upon the thousands of offenders that have taken the Defendant Questionnaire (DQ). This procedure is eminently fair, and it avoids both extremes, i.e., over-identification and under-identification of problems and risk.
Note: The Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale is a classification, not a measurement scale like the Alcohol Scale and Drugs Scale, which measure severity of use or abuse.
A state, department, court or agency policy might refer clients with identified problems for further evaluation, intervention or treatment. In this case, 31% of the people screened (Problem Risk and Severe Problem) would be referred. Or, policy might only refer clients with serious problems (Severe Problem, 11%) for additional services. In these examples, 69% or 89% (contingent upon adopted policy) of the people screened would not be referred for additional (and expensive) services.
Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large with no compromises in needy people receiving appropriate evaluation and/or treatment services. Indeed, more needy people would receive help. Without a screening program, there is usually more risk of over or under-utilization of additional professional services.
Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) scales identify the areas it screens. And, these scales (measures) are: 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Alcohol Scale, 3. Drugs Scale, 4. Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale, 5. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 6. Antisocial Scale and 7. Stress Coping Abilities Scale.
DQ Software
The DQ is available in MS-DOS or Windows formatted test application diskettes. DOS diskettes contain all of their own software. In contrast, Windows diskettes require a simple one-time computer setup procedure after which DQ data diskettes are used. Training Manuals are provided free, and new test users can be walked through these procedures over Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc.'s (Risk & Needs') telephone line at (602) 234-3506. Test ordering is made easier by clicking on the How to Order Tests link or the New Client Orders link.
Proprietary DQ diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½" or 5¼" diskettes score, interpret and print DQ reports on-site. Once a DQ account is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. When all test applications are used, diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs where the test data and demographics are downloaded into the DQ database for subsequent research analysis. The proprietary "delete names" program is activated by the test user with a few keystrokes to delete all client names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. Deleting all test user names insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).
The DQ: Orientation and Training Manual explains how the DQ works and should be read by staff. The DQ: Computer Operating Guide explains how to score tests, print or store reports and discusses other unique DQ computer-related features.
DQ Database
The DQ system contains a proprietary database. Earlier, it was noted that all DQ used diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs and the test data along with related demographics are downloaded into the DQ database. This expanding database allows ongoing research and testing program summary capabilities that were not possible before. Ongoing research insures quality control. Test program summaries provide program self-evaluation.
"Sound empirical bases for decisions"
Built-in Database: permits ongoing research and annual program summary -- at no additional cost. When the 25 or 50 tests on a diskette are used, that diskette is returned to Risk & Needs, checked for any viruses and downloaded into the expanding DQ database. Advantages of a built-in database are many and include database (research) analysis and annual summary reports.
Returned diskettes from an agency, department or court can be selected from the database for research and analysis. The DQ is restandardized annually on a state-by-state basis at no additional cost to users. Database analysis insures quality control.
Similarly, returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, department, court or agency basis -- at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide information for testing program self-evaluation. An example Annual Summary Report can be reviewed by clicking on the Annual Summary Reports link.
In summary, having all used DQ test data centrally filed at Risk & Needs' offices in the DQ database has many advantages. Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale alpha coefficients, frequency distributions, correlations, ANOVA, cross-tabs statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy determinations. We continue to study the effects of demographics and are undertaking recidivism prediction studies.
Annual Summary Reports
Risk & Needs can access each of its tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and summarization of all tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and even some individual providers -- at no cost to them. These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports include demographics, court-history when relevant, and test statistics (reliability, validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Risk & Needs' annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests annually. An example Annual Summary Report can be viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Reports link.
Reliability, Validity and Accuracy
The DQ has a built-in database that insures inclusion of all tests administered in a confidential (no names) manner. And, these reliability, validity and accuracy statistics are reported in the document titled "DQ: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Annual database analysis has revealed that DQ scales maintain very high reliability coefficients and minimum interscale correlations.
For example, the internal consistencies (alpha coefficients) for DQ scales are reported below for 948 defendants screened in the year 2002. This is one among many DQ studies.
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Coefficient |
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Truthfulness | ||
Violence | ||
Antisocial | ||
Alcohol | ||
Drugs | ||
Stress Coping Abilities | ||
Substance Abuse/Dependency |
The Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale is a classification scale based on DSM-IV criteria. In contrast, the Alcohol and Drugs Scale are measurement scales. They measure the severity of alcohol and drug abuse.
All DQ scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75 and are highly reliable. All alpha coefficients are significant at the p<.001 level.
DQ research extends over 15 years. Many studies have been conducted on thousands of defendants using several validation methods. Early studies used criterion measures and were validated with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L and F-Scales, 16PF, SAQ-Adult Probation III, Mortimer-Filkins, Offender Assessment Index, Mac-Andrews, Driver Risk Inventory, experienced staff ratings, etc. Much of this research is summarized in the "DQ: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Subsequently, many studies discriminant validity (first versus multiple offenders) and predictive validity (defendants that had substance abuse treatment versus non-treatment); database analyses continues to support DQ validity. And, as noted earlier, ongoing database research is done to evaluate reliability, validity and accuracy on an annual basis.
DQ norms are updated annually for each DQ scale. Separate norms are available for gender (males and females), ethnicity (Caucasian, Black and Hispanic, etc.), and geographic (state-by-state) regions.
Fairness goes beyond reliability and validity. The term applies to test accuracy for demographic groups like age, gender and ethnicity (race). The DQ has been normed on Caucasians, Blacks and Hispanics, and these ethnic norms are reevaluated in the DQ’s annual database analysis. The DQ is accurate and fair.
Staff Member Input: Some people advocate fully automated assessment. Risk & Needs does not. The DQ is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available, court records should be reviewed because they can contain important information not provided or incorrectly provided by the defendant. Experienced evaluators should also interview the defendant. For these reasons, the following statement is contained in each DQ report: "Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) results are working hypothesis and are to be used in conjunction with an interview, record review and experienced staff judgment. No diagnosis or recommendation should be based solely upon DQ results."
Unique DQ Features
Truthfulness Scale: Identifies denial, problem minimization and faking. It is now known that most defendants attempt to minimize their problems. A Truthfulness Scale is a necessary component in contemporary tests. The DQ Truthfulness Scale has been validated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), polygraph exams, other tests, truthfulness studies and experienced staff judgment. The DQ Truthfulness Scale has been demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. In some respects, the DQ Truthfulness Scale is similar to the MMPI’s L and F-Scales. It consists of a number of items that most people agree or disagree with.
"More than just another drug test"
Truth-Corrected scores have proven to be very important for assessment accuracy. This proprietary truth correction process is comparable to the MMPI K-Scale correction. The DQ Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with the other six scales. The Truth Correction equation then converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores. Raw scores reflect what the defendant wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the defendant is attempting to hide.
Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale: Categorizes defendants as substance abusers, non-pathological or substance dependent in accordance with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Such classification augments the Alcohol Scale and Drugs Scale's severity of abuse measures. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) notes there are exceptions to DSM-IV classification, and these exceptions are made according to the severity of the client’s substance abuse. In other words, exceptions to DSM-IV substance (alcohol and other drugs) classification can be determined by the severity of abuse. The severity of a defendant’s substance abuse determines their recommended level of intervention or treatment.
Violence (Lethality) Scale: Identifies people who are a danger to themselves and others. "Violence" is defined as "the expression of hostility and rage through physical force directed against persons or property." It is aggression in the extreme and an unacceptable form of behavior, which is why Risk & Needs includes the term "lethality" in parentheses. Measuring violence enables DQ users to identify people capable of harming themselves and others. Extremely violent (lethal) individuals score at or above the 90th percentile on the Violence Scale, and these people are dangerous. This is a very important, yet often overlooked, behavior pattern when screening defendants.
Antisocial Scale: Measures the degree to which a person is opposed to society or moral codes. "Antisocial tendencies" refers to aggressive behavior that is either socially destructive or has socially undesirable consequences. Antisocial behavior often incorporates aggressive, impulsive and even violent actions that flout social and ethical codes, such as laws. Antisocial behavior is characterized by a lack of judgment, a seeming inability to learn from experience and what used to be called sociopathic behavior. When a person manifests antisocial tendencies, they are dangerous. When a person has antisocial tendencies with violence prone attitudes/ behaviors, that person is particularly dangerous. This important scale provides considerable insight into defendant behavior, yet it is often overlooked by other screening tests.
Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the defendant handles stress, tension and pressure. How well a person manages stress can effect their adjustment and mental health. We now know that stress exacerbates emotional and mental health problems. This scale is a non-introversive way to screen established (diagnosable) mental health problems. A defendant scoring at or above the 90th percentile on the Stress Coping Abilities Scale should be referred for a more comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis. This important area of inquiry is missed by other defendant screening tests.
More than just another alcohol or drug test: In addition to alcohol and drugs, the DQ assesses other important areas of inquiry like truthfulness, violence (lethality) potential, antisocial tendencies and emotional/mental health problems. The DQ is specifically designed for defendant assessment. It provides the information needed for comprehensive defendant screening.
Three ways to give the DQ: The DQ can be administered in three different ways: 1. Paper-pencil test booklet format is the most popular testing procedure. DQ English and Spanish test booklets and answer sheets are available -- free. 2. Tests can be given directly on the computer screen. Some agencies dedicate computers for DQ testing. And, 3. Human voice audio in both English and Spanish computer presentation. This involves a headset. The defendant uses the up-down arrow keys. As the defendant goes from question to answer with the arrow keys, that question or answer is highlighted on the monitor and read to the defendant.
These three administration modes are discussed in the DQ: Orientation and Training Manual. Each test administration mode has advantages and some limitations. Risk & Needs offers these three test modes so the test user can select the mode that is optimally suited to their needs. No other testing firm offers these three testing options -- let alone at no additional cost.
Reading Impaired Assessment: Reading impaired defendants represent 15 to 20+ percent of defendants tested. This represents a serious problem to other tests. Risk & Needs has developed an alternative for dealing with this problem, which is Human Voice Audio.
Human Voice Audio: Presentation of the DQ is in English and Spanish. Defendants’ passive vocabularies are often greater than their active (spoken) vocabularies. Hearing items read out loud often helps reduce cultural and communication problems. This Human Voice Audio administration requires earphones and simple instructions to orient the defendant to the up-down arrow keys on the computer keyboard. This innovative and proprietary approach to resolving many respondent reading problems is not provided by other defendant tests.
Confidentiality: Risk & Needs encourages test users to delete defendants' names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. This proprietary "name deletion" procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501). Once defendants' names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting client names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the DQ database for subsequent analysis.
"The 'delete client names' option insures client confidentiality"
Test Data Input Verification: This proprietary program allows the person that inputs test data from the answer sheet into the computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and second data entries are highlighted until corrected. When the first and second data entries match or are the same, the staff person can continue. This proprietary Data Input Verification procedure is optional, yet strongly recommended by Risk & Needs. Entering DQ answer sheet responses into the computer twice can take 60 to 90 seconds. Consequently, the data input verification procedure is done quickly.
Inventory of Scientific Findings: Much of the DQ research has been gathered together in a document titled "DQ: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes DQ research chronologically -- as the studies were completed. This chronological reporting format was established largely because of the DQ database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered. Some researchers would prefer the data to be reported by categories, e.g., all reliability studies and all validity studies grouped together. In contrast, the chronological presentation of research, as it was done, enables readers to see the evolution of the DQ into a state-of-the-art defendant assessment instrument.
Orientation and Training Manual: The DQ: Orientation and Training Manual (O&T Manual) explains how the DQ works. It is a must read for staff that will be using the DQ. O&T Manual content includes, but is not limited to, the following: instructions for testing, explanations of how scores are derived and how court-related information is used, descriptions of unique DQ features and much much more. The O&T Manual is provided to DQ users at no additional cost.
Computer Operating Guide: Some computer operators want more information than others. Consequently, Risk & Needs provides a One-Page Quick Start, which includes basic instructions for scoring DQ’s, and a more comprehensive DQ: Computer Operating Guide. The DQ: Computer Operating Guide contains instructions for using MS-DOS as well as Windows software. This manual discusses hardware, software, scoring, printing reports, unique program features and much more. The DQ: Computer Operating Guide is provided to DQ users at no additional cost.
Staff Training: Risk & Needs' staff are available to participate in DQ training conducted by statewide programs, courts, departments and high volume agencies in the United States. Sometimes, smaller volume providers get together for collective (multiple users) on-site training. Risk & Needs typically participates in 4-hour or 6-hour DQ training sessions. This training can include hands-on computer scoring, as desired. Risk & Needs gives attendees certificates attesting to their DQ training.
Staff training is also provided on Fridays at Risk & Needs' Phoenix offices from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To participate, contact Risk & Needs at least ten days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.
DQ Tutorial: Another approach to staff training is via the DQ tutorial. The Defendant Questionnaire tutorial is a computer-based application on CD. It consists of five chapters: 1. Installation, 2. Computer Training, 3. Training Manual, 4. Orientation: How the DQ Works and 5. Research Study. Users can choose in which order they would like to complete the tutorial. And, they can re-read chapters, as desired. The tutorial is self-paced, meaning users can decide how and when they use it. Once the tutorial is installed from its CD, an icon is created on the desktop, and the CD is no longer needed. Additional DQ tutorial information can be provided by Risk & Needs upon request.
Automated Criminogenic Structured Interview (ACSI): The ACSI is a structured interview, not a test. The ACSI consists of 65 multiple choice items. It obtains comprehensive background history, pattern of substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse and criminogenic needs information. Whatever multiple choice answer that is selected is printed in the ACSI report. Use of the ACSI is voluntary (not required). The ACSI is free. ACSI use is restricted to users of Risk & Needs adult tests. The ACSI is not a test, and it is not to be used as a standalone test. The ACSI is a structured interview. For more information on the ACSI and to see an ACSI report, click on this ACSI link.
TOPICS FOR EASY REFERENCE Quick access to some unique DQ features.
Testimonial Letter DQ Scale Interpretation DQ Tutorial Example DQ Report Test Comparison Checklist DQ Research Study Why Select the DQ?
The Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) meets and exceeds most defendant screening criteria. It is endorsed by users, courts, evaluators and peers. It is widely used in the United States. The DQ has been repeatedly demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. Ongoing research continues to study and adjust for demographics like age, gender and ethnicity.
The DQ’s seven scales measure truthfulness, classify substance abuse and dependency in accordance with DSM-IV criteria, quantify the severity of alcohol and drug abuse, assess violence (lethality) potential along with antisocial tendencies and identify the presence of mental health problems. These report features can be reviewed by clicking on the DQ Report link.
The DQ’s built-in database facilitates cost efficient database analysis and annual testing program summary (large departments, courts and statewide programs) reports. These two unique features, ongoing database analysis and annual summary reports, are provided free. An annual summary report can be reviewed by clicking on the Annual Summary Reports link.
Defendant’s DQ reports are timely (available on-site in 2½ minutes), readable and easy to understand. Score-related recommendations are relevant and helpful. It’s reasonable to conclude that the DQ is the state-of-the-art in contemporary defendant assessment and screening. And, Risk & Needs doesn’t stop there! The DQ is very affordable.
The above letter summarizes the etiology of the DQ’s Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale and ASAM Compatible Treatment Recommendations. Some important Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) features were included as a result of the above court's staff's suggestions. These include the Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale and the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) compatible treatment recommendations. As discussed earlier, DSM-IV criteria were used in the development of the Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale, which classifies defendants as substance abusers, substance dependents or non-pathological substance users. It was also noted that such classification augments the Alcohol Scale and Drugs Scale's severity of abuse measures. And, as noted by ASAM, there are exceptions to DSM-IV classification, and these exceptions are made according to the severity of abuse. In summary, the severity of a defendant’s substance abuse determines their recommended level of intervention or treatment. And, these intervention/treatment recommendations are ASAM compatible. Incorporation of these features help make the DQ uniquely suited for court-related defendant evaluation.
DQ cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. There is only the one cost or charge, and that is the test unit fee. Everything else is included at no additional cost to the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary testing reports, staff training, and support services. Do not be misled by some test publishers' à la carte pricing like separate costs for each test administration as well as for each of the test-related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We believe Risk & Needs' one test unit fee is very affordable.
A 1-test DQ demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in MS-DOS format so that the software is contained on the diskette. This way, the one-time Windows setup program is avoided at the demo level. The examination kit has a 1-test demo diskette, test booklet (reusable), an answer sheet (can photocopy), a "DQ: Orientation and Training Manual," One-Page Quick Start and some descriptive information. Risk & Needs does want the demonstration diskette and test booklet returned within 30 days of receipt. To request a free examination kit, click on the Free Examination Kit Request link.
To become a Risk & Needs test user, click on the Agreement & Proposals link, click on the Print Client User Agreement button and fax the completed form to (602) 266-8227, or mail your completed form to Risk & Needs. Upon its receipt by Risk & Needs, you become a Risk & Needs test user and can order tests. Established Risk & Needs test users can reorder tests by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail.
Other related links are listed for reference. They are available as needed.
Test Unit Fee (Cost) webpage link.
Explains Risk & Needs' Test Unit Fees or Costs.
New Client Order webpage link. Explains
steps to become a "new Risk & Needs client."
How to Order webpage link. Explains how
Risk & Needs tests can be ordered.
Additional information can be provided upon request. Contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828, Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828. Risk & Needs' telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.
If you are selecting a defendant assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. It lists important screening test qualities. The "Other" column represents any other test you might want to compare to the Defendant Questionnaire (DQ).
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Designed Specifically for Defendant Evaluation | ||
Test Reliability & Validity Research Provided | ||
Test Completed in 35 Minutes | ||
On-Site Reports within 2½ Minutes | ||
Truthfulness Scale to Detect Faking | ||
Truth-Corrected Scores for Accuracy | ||
Measures Criminogenic Needs | ||
Three Test Administration Options | ||
1. Paper-Pencil (English & Spanish) | ||
2. On Computer Screen (English & Spanish) | ||
3. Human Voice Audio (English & Spanish) | ||
Available in English and Spanish | ||
Delete Defendant Names (Confidentiality) Procedure | ||
HIPAA (federal regulation) Compliant |
Yes |
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Test Data Input Verification (Scoring Accuracy) | ||
Built-in Database | ||
Annual Database Research (Free) | ||
Annual Test Program Summary (Free) | ||
Alcohol and Drugs Scales | ||
DSM-IV Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale | ||
Violence (Lethality) Scale | ||
Antisocial Scale | ||
Stress Coping Abilities Scale | ||
DQ (PowerPoint Tutorial) Tutorial | ||
ASAM Compatible Scale Recommendations | ||
Large Research Database | ||
Available in MS-DOS and Windows | ||
Easily Understood Reports | ||
Helpful Reports | ||
Staff Training (Free) | ||
ASAM Compatible Recommendations | ||
Examination Kits (Free) | ||
Automated Criminogenic Structured Interview (Free) | ||
Thirty-Day Money Back Guarantee | ||
Very Affordable Test Unit Fee |
Yes |
An example 4-page Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) report follows this discussion of DQ interpretation. It is provided as a ready reference to augment this dialogue. To go directly to this example report, click on this DQ Example Report link. There are several levels of DQ interpretation ranging from viewing the DQ as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and scale interrelationships.
The following table is a starting point for interpreting DQ scale scores.
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Percentile |
Percentage |
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A problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70th percentile or higher. Elevated scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70th percentile. Severe problems are identified by scale scores at or above the 90th percentile. Severe problems represent the highest 11 percent of defendants evaluated with the DQ. The DQ has been normed on thousands of defendants. And, this normative sample continues to expand with each DQ test that is administered.
1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the defendant was while completing the test. It identifies guarded and defensive defendants who attempt to fake good. Scores at or below the 89th percentile mean that all DQ scales are accurate. Scale scores in the 70th to 89th percentile range are accurate because they have been Truth-Corrected. Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90th percentile mean that all DQ scales are inaccurate (invalid) because the defendant was overly guarded, read things into test items that aren’t there, was minimizing problems, or was caught faking answers. Defendants with reading impairments might also score in this 90th to 100th percentile scoring range. If not consciously deceptive, defendants with elevated Truthfulness Scale scores are uncooperative, fail to understand test items or have a need to appear in a good light. The Truthfulness Scale score is important because it shows whether or not the defendant answered DQ test items honestly. Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89th percentile indicate that all other DQ scale scores are accurate. One of the first things to check when reviewing a DQ report is the Truthfulness Scale score.
2. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Identifies defendants that are dangerous to themselves and others. "Violence" is defined as "the expression of rage and hostility through physical force." Violence is aggression in its most extreme and unacceptable form. Elevated scorers can be demanding, sensitive to perceived criticism and are insightless about how they express their anger/hostility. Severe Problem scorers should not be ignored as they are threatening and very dangerous. A particularly unstable and perilous situation involves an elevated Violence Scale with an elevated Antisocial, Alcohol or Drugs Scale score. Substance (alcohol or other drugs) abuse and antisocial attitudes can contribute to dangerousness. The more of these scales that are elevated with the Violence Scale, the worse the prognosis. An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale with an elevated Violence Scale score provides insight regarding co-determinants and possible treatment recommendations. A Severe Problem Violence Scale score is a malignant sign with or without other scale elevations and describes a dangerous person. The Violence Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other DQ scales.
3. Antisocial Scale: Measures antisocial attitudes and behavior. "Antisocial" is defined as "opposed to society or existing social organization and moral codes." Antisocial behavior refers to aggressive, impulsive and sometimes violent actions that flout social and ethical codes, such as laws, property rights, etc. This behavior pattern often begins with a conduct disorder involving lying, stealing, fighting, cruelty, truancy, vandalism, theft and substance abuse. Elevated Antisocial Scale scores are often associated with non-internalization of recognized conventions. Many high scorers manifest a seeming inability to profit from experience. An elevated Antisocial Scale score in conjunction with an elevated Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale or Violence Scale score would be a malignant sign prognostically. A Severe Problem Stress Coping Ability Scale score with an elevated Severe Problem Antisocial Scale suggests the possibility of a suspicious/paranoid mental health problem. The Antisocial Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other DQ scales.
4. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. "Alcohol" refers to beer, wine and other liquor. It is a licit substance. An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range identifies serious drinking problems.
Since a history of alcohol problems could result in an abstainer (current non-drinker) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score, precautions have been built into the DQ to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics."
Several DQ items are printed on the "Significant Items" section of the report and again in the "Multiple Choice" section (pages 3 and 4) for quick reference. Alcohol admission items include: #44 (in last year), #49 (has drinking problem), #55 (serious drinking problem), #153 (describes own drinking), #154 (motivation for alcohol treatment), etc. There are two alcohol recovering items: #34 (I am a recovering alcoholic) and #156 (I am a recovering alcoholic). In addition, the elevated Alcohol Scale score paragraphs clearly caution that the defendant may be "recovering."
In intervention and/or treatment settings, the defendant’s Alcohol Scale score helps staff work through defendant denial. Most defendants accept the objective and standardized Alcohol Scale scores as accurate and relevant. This is especially true when it is explained that elevated scores don’t occur by chance. The defendant must answer a definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions for elevated scores to occur. And, Alcohol Scale scores are based on thousands of defendants who have completed the DQ.
An elevated Alcohol Scale score in conjunction with other elevated scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated scores when the defendant drinks. For example, if you have a defendant with an elevated Violence Scale who also has an elevated Alcohol Scale score, that defendant is even more dangerous when drinking.
When both Alcohol and Drugs Scales are elevated, the higher score represents the defendant’s substance of choice. When both are in the Severe Problem range, explore polysubstance abuse. The Alcohol Scale can also be interpreted independently.
5. Drugs Scale: Measures drug use and the severity of abuse. "Drugs" refers to marijuana, cocaine, crack, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. These are illicit substances. An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range identifies serious illicit drug abusers.
Similar to the Alcohol Scale, a history of drug-related problems could result in an abstainer (drug history, but not presently using or abusing drugs) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score. Precautions have been built into the DQ to correctly identify "recovering" drug abusers.
Several DQ items are printed in the "Significant Items" and "Multiple Choice" sections (pages 3 and 4) of the DQ report for quick reference. Drug admission items include: #72 (in last year), #78 (direct admission), #83 (in drug treatment), #100 (admits drug dependent), #157 (describes own drug use) and #159 (motivation for drug treatment). Recovering drug abuser items include: #89 (I am recovering) and #156 (I am a recovering drug abuser). In addition, the Drugs Scale score paragraphs clearly caution that the defendant may be "recovering."
In intervention and treatment settings, the defendant’s Drugs Scale score helps staff work through defendant denial in a similar way as explained earlier for the Alcohol Scale. And, an elevated Drugs Scale score in conjunction with other elevated scale scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated scores when the defendant uses drugs. For example, an elevated Violence Scale in conjunction with an elevated Drugs Scale score increases the severity and risk associated with the Violence Scale when the defendant uses drugs.
When both the Drugs and Alcohol Scales are elevated, the higher score represents the defendant’s substance of choice. When both are in the Severe Problem range, explore polysubstance abuse. The Drugs Scale can also be interpreted independently.
6. Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale: Classifies defendants as substance abusers, substance dependents or non-pathological substance users in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria.
The DQ Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale is entirely based on DSM-IV classification criteria for substance abuse and dependency. When a defendant admits to one of the four DSM-IV abuse symptoms (criteria), that defendant is classified in the substance abuse category. When a defendant admits to three of the seven DSM-IV dependency symptoms (criteria), that defendant is classified in the substance dependency category. When a defendant does not meet DSM-IV criteria for abuse or dependency, they are non-pathological substance users (if they use drugs).
There is an important difference between the DQ Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale and the Alcohol and Drugs Scales. The Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale classifies people as abusers, dependent or non-pathological substance users (if they use drugs). The Alcohol Scale and Drugs Scale measure the severity of alcohol and drug use or abuse.
The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) states there can be exceptions to DSM-IV classification, and these exceptions are made according to the severity of a person’s substance abuse. The severity of a person’s substance abuse determines their recommended level of intervention and/or treatment.
In summary, the Alcohol and Drugs Scales measure severity of substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse; whereas, the Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale classifies people as substance abusers or substance dependents. The Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with DQ Alcohol and Drugs Scales.
7. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the defendant copes with stress. It is now accepted that stress exacerbates symptoms of mental and/or emotional problems. Thus, an elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score in conjunction with other elevated DQ scales helps explain the defendant’s situation. When a defendant doesn’t handle stress well, other existing problems are often exacerbated. Such problem augmentation applies to substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, attitudinal problems and acting-out behavior.
An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can also exacerbate emotional and mental health symptomatology. When a Stress Coping Abilities Scale score is in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range, it is likely that the defendant has a diagnosable mental health problem. In these instances, referral to a certified/licensed mental health professional might be considered for a diagnosis and treatment plan. Lower elevated scores suggest possible referral alternatives like stress management counseling. The Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other DQ scales.
In conclusion, it was noted that there are several "levels" of DQ interpretation ranging from viewing the DQ as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and interrelationships. Staff can then put DQ test report findings within the context of the defendant’s life and court situation.
For more information as to how the DQ works, users are encouraged to read the DQ: Orientation and Training Manual. Each scale's scoring methodology is explained, unique assessment features are discussed and more detailed information on the DQ assessment system is presented. And, if you have any questions, please contact Risk & Needs so we can help.
The Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) is the product of over 25 years of licensed psychologist experience evaluating court defendants, probationers, inmates and patients. Experienced court staff provided invaluable guidance that contributed to the inclusion of the Substance Abuse/ Dependency Scale and ASAM compatible treatment recommendations.
From the beginning the intent has been to develop a practical, psychometrically sound and helpful test. Practical in terms of time. Psychometrically sound in terms of reliability, validity and accuracy. And, helpful in terms of the information obtained. It’s gratifying to know that many others associated with defendant assessment agree that we have attained these goals. Our mission is now to maintain the DQ’s state-of-the-art reputation.
Highly individualized four-page DQ reports are computer generated after a test is scored on-site. The first page summarizes personal information, presents the DQ profile and compiles the defendant's court history. Experienced DQ users find the DQ profile summarizes the defendant's situation at a glance.
Pages two and three contain scale paragraphs. Each of these paragraphs gives the defendant's scale scores, explains what that score means and presents score-related recommendations. Room for staff members recommendations and signature are provided at the bottom of page three.
Page four of the DQ report reproduces the defendant's answers to each DQ item in the "DQ Responses" section of the report (top of page four). Significant items for the Alcohol, Drugs, Antisocial and Violence Scales are presented. A significant item is a direct admission or unusual answer. Near the bottom of page four are the defendant's answers to the multiple choice items (#140 through #162). The "Multiple Choice" section reproduces the defendants answers, with all their biases to the multiple choice items.
An Example Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) report is provided for reference. Although highly individualized, these reports utilize the same format.
The Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) example report is presented for your review. Each DQ report is organized around the same outline or format, yet these reports are highly individualized. Each report consists of 4 pages. All DQ reports are scored and printed within 3 minutes of data entry.
The
first page
of the DQ report presents the defendant's name and some basic demographics like
age, gender, education, ethnicity, and marital status. The DQ profile
summarizes DQ scales, their percentile scores and a related graph, which
explains the defendant's profile at a glance. Self-reported court history
completes the first page of the DQ report.
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The second page of the DQ report summarizes the first four DQ scales in terms of their scores, what that score means and score-related recommendations. The Truthfulness, Dependency/Abuse Classification, Alcohol and Drugs Scales are explained.
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The third page of the DQ report completes the discussion of attained scale scores (Drugs, Antisocial, Violence, and Stress Coping Scales). Page 3 concludes with the significant items (direct admissions or unusual answers) for the Alcohol and Drugs Scales.
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The fourth page of the DQ report completes the significant items (direct admissions or unusual answers) for the Alcohol, Drugs, Antisocial and Violence Scales. The final sequence of items (multiple choice #140 - 162) are listed with the defendant's answer to each of these items. It's interesting to compare client's answers (with all of their biases) to the empirically based scale scores. Space is provided for staff recommendations, staff's signature and date of the report. The number of the tests on the DQ diskette is presented in the bottom right corner for reference. Page 4 concludes with a reproduction of the defendant's responses to each of the 162 DQ items for easy reference.
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A one-page summary report can be printed after the four-page DQ report. This option is available to DQ users. Sometimes, test users want to keep a one-page report on file; whereas, other users may want to provide the one-page report to referral agencies and keep the four-page DQ report in their files. Each DQ user's needs may vary; consequently, the optional one-page report is available if or when needed.
DEFENDANT QUESTIONNAIRE |
To go back to the DQ Reports section, click the
Return to DQ Reports Section link.
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The following links provide quick access to some of the unique DQ features that were described earlier. |
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Reliability and Validity | Free Examination Kit |
Confidentiality | DQ Scale Interpretation |
Truthfulness Scale | Example DQ Report |
Test Unit Fee (Cost) |
DQ Research Study |
We hope this Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) webpage has been both comprehensive and helpful. If you have additional questions please call (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227, and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com. Additional information can be provided upon request.
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