DOMESTIC VIOLENCE INVENTORY PRE-POST

DVI PRE-POST

The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) Pre-Post is a test designed for measuring domestic violence counseling/treatment outcome. The same test is given before and after treatment and, upon posttest, it automatically compares pretest and posttest results. The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) Pre-Post has 147 items and takes 30 minutes to complete. The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) Pre-Post contains six scales: 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Control Scale, 4. Alcohol Scale, 5. Drugs Scale and 6. the Stress Coping Abilities Scale. Although this outcome test evolved from the Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI), it is different. The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) Pre-Post objectively compares pretest and posttest scores. If you want to know the effectiveness of domestic violence counseling or treatment, you should consider the DVI Pre-Post.

Why Develop a Special Test for Counseling/Treatment Outcome?

Because most tests that determine the severity of domestic violence incorporate offenders’ court history. And, the time referent for these tests is usually the clients’ last ten years or even their lifetime. To assess counseling/treatment outcome or effectiveness, the test’s scale scores must be able to reflect improvement as well as deterioration. Court history can set levels below which scores cannot go. And, long time referents introduce error variance. Counseling/treatment outcome tests must focus on the here-and-now or the time when the pretest and subsequent posttest are administered. Scale scores must be able to increase, stay the same or decrease in concert with the offender’s attitude, motivation and behavior.

Why Include DVI Scales in the DVI Pre-Post?

Because DVI scales provide relevant and important offender understanding. Each of these scales effectively defines an offender’s criminogenic needs. Each of these six areas of inquiry carries great weight in understanding a domestic violence offender’s motivation and behavior. As noted above, these six scales (measures) include truthfulness, violence (lethality), control, alcohol, drugs and reactions to perceived stress. Each of these six factors are seemingly ubiquitous in domestic violence.

Six Scales (Measures)

The six DVI Pre-Post scales (measures) are described as follows:

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the client was at both the pretest and posttest settings. This scale identifies denial, guardedness, problem minimization and attempts to fake good. Comparing pretest truthfulness to posttest truthfulness can provide considerable insight into a domestic violence offender’s recovery.
    
2. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Identifies people that are a danger to themselves and others. This scale measures the use of force to injure, damage or destroy. Comparison of pretest and posttest Violence (Lethality) Scale scores focuses on the major behaviors that result in domestic violence counseling/treatment. Within the context of DVI Pre-Post assessment, the terms "violence" and "domestic violence" are used interchangeably.
    
3. Control Scale: Measures a person’s need to control others. In social psychology, control is often a synonym for power and influence. Control refers to the process of regulating and restraining others. Control has emerged as an important criminogenic factor in domestic violence.
    
4. Alcohol Scale: Measures the offender’s use and the severity of alcohol abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquors. Alcohol is all too often involved in domestic violence settings.
    
5. Drugs Scale: Measures illicit drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. Illicit drugs appear to have a growing presence in domestic violence settings.
    
6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures the offender’s ability to cope with stress, anxiety and pressure. In addition, stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptomatology. This scale is a non-introversive screen for established emotional and mental health problems.

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Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) Versions

There are 4 versions of the DVI, and links to each DVI version’s webpage are presented here. Each of these tests is represented on the Tests Alphabetically Listed and the Tests Functionally Grouped webpages.

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The DVI has become a very popular domestic violence offender assessment instrument throughout the United States. This has coincided with domestic violence awareness. Today, many third parties, such as the courts, probation departments, corrections, mental health professionals, treatment providers and families, are interested in counseling/ treatment outcome. In brief, they want to know if the domestic violence offender has benefited from counseling/treatment. The DVI Pre-Post is an objective and standardized outcome measure that helps answer these questions.

Domestic violence crime rates have risen across the U.S. These statistics underscore the need for meaningful and accurate outcome measures. This type of outcome information helps assess offenders' status after counseling/treatment. Outcome measures help keep the domestic violence perpetrators’ risk and needs in perspective. Some offenders benefit from counseling/treatment; whereas, others do not. It can be difficult making these counseling/treatment outcome determinations. The DVI Pre-Post helps meet these needs.

Test Booklets

In brief, DVI Pre-Post test booklets are provided free. These booklets contain 147 items and are written at a 5^th to 6^th grade reading level. If a person can read the newspaper, they can read the DVI Pre-Post.

Reports

In brief, there are three DVI Pre-Post reports. There is the Pretest (1^st test administration) report, the Posttest (2^nd and subsequent administrations) report, and the DVI Pretest-Posttest Comparison report. It’s the Pretest-Posttest Comparison report that people interested in counseling/treatment outcome are most interested in. The Posttest is automatically compared to the original Pretest findings. Within 3 minutes of test data entry, the DVI Pretest-Posttest comparisons are made, and the Comparison report is printed on-site. These Comparison reports summarize a lot of information in an easily understood format.

DVI PRE-POST
 

In the Comparison Report, posttest findings are compared to pretest findings. These differences are set forth quantitatively and graphically.

A DVI Pre-Post pretest example report, posttest example report and comparison example report are presented at the end of this webpage. You can go directly to any of these example reports by clicking on the appropriate link.

Example DVI Pretest Report

Example DVI Posttest Report

Example Comparison Report

Reliability, Validity and Accuracy

The DVI Pre-Post has a proprietary built-in database that insures inclusion of all administered tests in a confidential (no names) manner. Annual database analysis demonstrates that DVI Pre-Post scales have high reliability coefficients.

For example, internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for DVI Pre-Post scales are reported in the following table for domestic violence offenders screened in the year 2002 with the DVI Pre-Post.

 

All DVI Pre-Post scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75 and are highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are significant at the p<.001 level.

Early DVI Pre-Post studies used criterion measures and were validated with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L-Scale and F-Scale, 16PF, Taylor-Manifest Anxiety Scale, Treatment Intervention Inventory (TII), Defendant Questionnaire (DQ), etc.

Much of the DVI Pre-Post’s research is summarized in the document "DVI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." And, a DVI Pre-Post research study involving 3,250 clients can be reviewed by clicking on this DVI Pre-Post Research Study link.

Test-retest reliability is based on the administration of the DVI Pre-Post at the pretest and posttest settings. Information on the retest intervals was not provided by users. Upon follow-up, it was determined that the retest interval varied between two months and nine months. In future research, we will request specific test-retest dates. However, evaluating DVI Pretests and Posttests that were returned resulted in the following test-retest reliability coefficients.

This table demonstrates that Pretest and Posttest scale scores are significantly correlated. The correlation coefficients are moderately high, which means that scale scores, while highly related, are not mirror images. Differences between Pretest and Posttest scale scores can be attributed to treatment effectiveness. Positive moderate correlation coefficients show that clients maintain their rank order. That is, clients who scored higher than other clients at Pretest tended to score higher than other clients at Posttest, even though most clients' scores were lower at Posttest.

*Significant at the p < .001 level, **Significant at the p<.01 level.

Note: The Stress Coping Abilities Scale is reversed in that the higher the score, the better one copes with stress.

This table shows that, on average, DVI Posttest scale scores are lower than DVI Pretest scale scores. Lower scores at posttest means that clients benefited from having been in treatment. Furthermore, longer pre-post intervals result in larger differences between Pretest and Posttest scores. The greatest difference between pretest and posttest occurred on the Violence Scale, as can be seen in the T-value column in the table. Stress Coping Abilities also showed marked improvement at posttest.

Software

The DVI Pre-Post is available in MS-DOS and Windows software. MS-DOS diskettes contain all their own software. Windows diskettes require a one-time computer setup procedure after which DVI Pre-Post data (25 or 50 test applications) diskettes are used to score and print reports. Training manuals are provided, and new test users can be walked through these scoring procedures over Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc.’s (Risk & Needs') telephone line.

Proprietary DVI Pre-Post diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½" or 5¼" diskettes score, interpret and print reports on-site. Once a DVI Pre-Post account is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. Approximately 97% of orders are filled and mailed back to users the same day. When all test applications on a data diskette are used, that diskette is returned to Risk & Needs where the test data is downloaded into the DVI Pre-Post database for subsequent database analysis.

The proprietary "delete names" program is activated by the test user with a few keystrokes to delete all respondent names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. Deleting all respondent names insures protection of each respondent’s confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

The "DVI: Orientation and Training Manual" explains how the DVI Pre-Post works and should be read by staff. The "DVI: Computer Operating Guide" explains how to score tests, print and store reports and discusses other unique DVI Pre-Post computer-related features.

Database

The DVI Pre-Post system contains a proprietary built-in database. All used DVI Pre-Post diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs, and the test data is downloaded into the DVI Pre-Post database. This expanding database allows ongoing research and testing program summary features that were not possible before. Ongoing research ensures quality control. Annual testing program summaries provide for program self-evaluation.

Returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, department or agency basis -- at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide information that permits testing program review. An example annual summary report can be reviewed by clicking on the Annual Summary Reports link.

Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale alpha coefficients, ANOVA, frequency distributions, correlations, cross-tab statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy determinations. A DVI Pre-Post research study involving 3,250 clients can be reviewed by clicking on the DVI Pre-Post Research Study link.

Annual Summary Reports

Risk & Needs can access each of its tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and summarization of all tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and even some individual providers -- at no cost to them. These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports include demographics, court-history when relevant, and test statistics (reliability, validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Risk & Needs' annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests annually. An example Annual Summary Report can be viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Reports link.

Staff Member Input

The DVI Pre-Post is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available, court records should be reviewed, as they can contain important information not provided or incorrectly provided by the offender. Experienced staff should also interview the client. For these reasons, the following statement is contained in each DVI Pre-Post report: "DVI Pre-Post results are confidential and are considered working hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision should be based solely upon these results. The DVI Pre-Post is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment."

Unique DVI Pre-Post Features

The Truthfulness Scale measures how truthful the respondent was while completing the DVI Pre-Post. This scale identifies denial, problem minimization and faking. Many domestic violence offenders attempt to minimize their problems. The DVI Pre-Post Truthfulness Scale has been validated with other tests, truthfulness studies and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L and F-Scales. It consists of a number of items that most people agree or disagree with. This important scale has been demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. Much of this research is reported in the document titled "DVI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings."

Truth-Corrected scores have proven to be important in enhancing assessment accuracy. This proprietary truth correction program is comparable to the MMPI K-Scale correction methodology. The DVI Pre-Post Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with the other five DVI Pre-Post scales. The Truth Correction equation then converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Raw scores reflect what the respondent wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the respondent is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.

The Violence (Lethality) Scale measures the respondent’s propensity for using force to injure, damage or destroy. It identifies the respondent’s danger to self and others. The growing awareness of violence in our society resulted in the inclusion of the Violence (Lethality) Scale in the DVI Pre-Post. When screening violence or lethality potential is important, we recommend you use the DVI Pre-Post. Within the context of domestic violence, the terms violence and domestic violence are used interchangeably.

Control Scale: In psychoanalytic theory, control is the process of restraining or regulating impulses. In social psychology, control is often a synonym of power or influence. In domestic violence, "control" refers to the process of restraining, regulating or controlling others. Controlling behaviors include, but are not limited to, pushing, swearing, intimidation and hitting. The concept of control has become an important construct in domestic violence research. This important area of inquiry is overlooked by other domestic violence tests.

Substance Abuse Screening is important because alcohol and/or drug use is often associated with domestic violence. The Alcohol Scale identifies alcohol use and measures the severity of abuse. Similarly, the Drugs Scale identifies illicit drug use and measures the severity of abuse.

The Stress Coping Abilities Scale measures how well the respondent handles tension, stress and pressure. This scale goes beyond establishing whether or not the respondent is experiencing stress. It determines how well the respondent handles or copes with stress. Stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptoms. Consequently, this scale is a non-introversive way to screen established (diagnosable) mental health problems. A respondent scoring at or above the 90^th percentile on the Stress Coping Abilities Scale should be referred to a certified/licensed mental health professional for a more comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis, as warranted. This important area of inquiry is missed by other domestic violence tests.

More than just another alcohol or drugs test. In addition to alcohol and drugs, the DVI Pre-Post assesses other important areas of inquiry like truthfulness, violence (lethality), control issues and stress coping abilities. The DVI Pre-Post is designed specifically for domestic violence perpetrators.

Three ways to give the DVI Pre-Post. The DVI Pre-Post can be administered in three different ways: 1. Paper-pencil test booklet format. This is the most popular testing procedure. English and Spanish test booklets are available. 2. The DVI Pre-Post can be given directly on the computer screen. And, 3. Human voice audio involves a computer and a headset. The respondent uses the up-down arrow keys. As the respondent goes from question to answer with the arrow key, that question or answer is highlighted on the monitor (screen) and simultaneously read to the respondent. These three test administration modes are discussed in the "DVI: Orientation and Training Manual." Each test administration mode has advantages and some limitations. Risk & Needs offers these three test administration modes so test users can select the test administration mode that is best suited to their needs.

Reading impaired assessment. Reading impaired respondents represent 20+ percent of the domestic violence perpetrators tested. This represents a serious problem to other domestic violence tests. In contrast, Risk & Needs has developed a proprietary alternative for reading impaired assessment, which is termed "human voice audio."

Human Voice Audio. Human Voice Audio is available in English and Spanish. It helps resolve many reading and cultural difference issues. A person’s passive vocabulary is often greater than their active (spoken) vocabulary. Hearing items read out loud often helps reduce cultural and communication problems. As discussed earlier, "human voice audio" test presentation requires a computer, earphones and simple instructions regarding how to operate the up-down arrow keys located on the computer keyboard. Without this "human voice audio" option, a domestic violence perpetrator testing program could be limited.

Confidentiality: Risk & Needs encourages test users to delete respondent names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. This proprietary name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes. Once respondent names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the DVI Pre-Post database for subsequent analysis. This procedure insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

Test Data Input Verification: This proprietary program allows the person that inputs test data from the answer sheet into the computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and second data entries are highlighted until corrected. When the first and second data entries match or are the same, the staff person may continue. Use of this data input verification procedure is optional, yet strongly recommended by Risk & Needs.

Inventory of Scientific Findings: Much of the DVI Pre-Post research has been gathered together in one document titled "DVI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes DVI Pre-Post research chronologically -- as the studies were completed. This innovative chronological reporting format was established largely because of the DVI Pre-Post database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered that year. It also allows the reader to observe the evolution of the DVI Pre-Post into a state-of-the-art assessment test.

Orientation and Training Manual: The "DVI: Orientation and Training Manual" (O&T Manual) explains how the DVI Pre-Post works. This manual is a must read for staff that will be using the DVI Pre-Post. O&T Manual content includes, but is not limited to, the following: testing instructions, an explanation of how scores are derived, an interpretation of how court and corrections information is used (when available) in scoring methodology, a description of unique DVI Pre-Post features and much more.

Computer Operating Guide: Some computer operators want more information than others. Consequently, Risk & Needs provides a One-Page Quick Start, which includes basic instructions for scoring, and a more comprehensive Computer Operating Guide. The Computer Operating Guide contains instructions for using MS-DOS as well as Windows software. This manual discusses hardware, software, scoring, printing reports, unique program features and much more.

Staff Training. Risk & Needs' staff are available to participate in DVI Pre-Post training programs scheduled by test users in the United States. Large departments/agencies or statewide programs often are interested in DVI Pre-Post training. Sometimes, smaller agencies or departments get together for a joint training session on the DVI Pre-Post. Risk & Needs gives attendees certificates attesting to their DVI Pre-Post training.

Staff training is also provided on Fridays at Risk & Needs' Phoenix offices from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To participate, contact Risk & Needs at least ten days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.

Automated Criminogenic Structured Interview (ACSI): The ACSI is a structured interview, not a test. The ACSI consists of 65 multiple choice items. It obtains comprehensive background history, pattern of substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse and criminogenic needs information. Whatever multiple choice item answer that is selected is printed in the ACSI report. Use of the ACSI is voluntary (not required). The ACSI is free. ACSI use is restricted to users of Risk & Needs adult tests. The ACSI is not a test, and it is not to be used as a standalone test. The ACSI is a structured interview. For more information on the ACSI and to see an ACSI report, click on this ACSI link.

Test Unit Fee (Cost): DVI Pre-Post cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. There is only the one fee or charge, and that is the test unit fee. Everything else is included at no additional cost to the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual testing summary reports, staff training and support services.

Free Examination Kit: A 1-test DVI Pre-Post demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in MS-DOS format so that the software is contained on the diskette. This way, the one-time Windows setup program is avoided at the demo level. The examination kit contains a 1-test demo diskette, test booklet, answer sheet, training manual, One-Page Quick Start and some descriptive information. Risk & Needs does want the demonstration diskette and test booklet returned within 30 days of receipt. To request a free examination kit, click on the Free Examination Kit Request link.

Summary

The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) has been modified so that it can be used for pretest-posttest outcome comparison. After the DVI Pretest is administered, the offender undergoes some form of intervention (counseling and/or treatment). Upon completion of the intervention program, the client is administered the DVI Posttest.

Each time the DVI Pre-Post is administered, it generates an automated (computer-scored) report, which summarizes the results of that test administration. Moreover, when the posttest is administered, the DVI Pre-Post program automatically compares pretest and posttest scale scores and summarizes these results in a "comparison report." This comparison report is an objective comparison of pretest and posttest scores. Consequently, these outcome measures show whether the client has improved, stayed the same or gotten worse.

 

DVI PRE-POST

 

The DVI Pre-Post evolved from the DVI. It has 147 items and takes 30 minutes to complete. DVI Pre-Post scores reflect the here-and-now. Scale score comparisons can improve, stay the same or get worse. The DVI Pre-Post is an objective and standardized outcome test. It provides empirically based scales and objectively based outcome measures.

Selecting a Domestic Violence Offender Outcome Instrument or Test

If you are selecting a domestic violence offender outcome assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. This checklist itemizes important assessment and screening qualities. The "Other" column represents any other test you might want to compare to the DVI Pre-Post.

DVI Pre-Post Interpretation

Three example DVI Pre-Post reports follow this discussion of DVI Pre-Post interpretation. They are provided as a ready reference to augment this dialogue. There are several levels of DVI Pre-Post interpretation ranging from viewing the DVI Pre-Post as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and scale interrelationships.

The following table is a starting point for interpreting DVI Pre-Post scale scores.

A problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher. Elevated scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70^th percentile. Severe problems are identified by scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile. Severe problems represent the highest 11 percent of respondents evaluated with the DVI Pre-Post. The DVI Pre-Post has been normed on thousands of domestic violence offenders. And, this normative sample continues to expand with each DVI Pre-Post test that is administered.

SCALE INTERPRETATION

Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the respondent was while completing the test. It identifies guarded and defensive people who attempt to fake good. Scores at or below the 89^th percentile mean that all DVI Pre-Post scales are accurate. Scale scores in the 70^th to 89^th percentile range are accurate because they have been Truth-Corrected. Scores at or above the 90^th percentile mean that all DVI Pre-Post scales are inaccurate (invalid) because the respondent was overly guarded, read things into test items that aren’t there, was minimizing problems, or was attempting to fake answers. Respondents with reading impairments might also score in this 90^th to 100^th percentile scoring range. If not consciously deceptive, respondents with elevated Truthfulness Scale scores are uncooperative, fail to understand test items or have a need to appear in a good light. The Truthfulness Scale score is important because it shows whether or not the respondent answered DVI Pre-Post test items honestly. Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89^th percentile indicate that all other DVI Pre-Post scale scores are accurate. One of the first things to check when reviewing a DVI Pre-Post report is the Truthfulness Scale score. The Truthfulness Scale can be interpreted independently. Truthfulness Scale scores override all other DVI Pre-Post scale scores.

Violence (Lethality) Scale: Identifies respondents that are dangerous to themselves and others. It is defined as the expression of rage and hostility through physical force. Violence is aggression in its most extreme and unacceptable form. Within the context of DVI Pre-Post assessment, the terms "violence" and "domestic violence" are used interchangeably. Elevated scorers can be demanding, sensitive to perceived criticism and are insightless about how they express their anger/hostility. Severe Problem scorers should not be ignored, as they are threatening, very dangerous and at risk. A particularly unstable and perilous situation involves an elevated Violence Scale with an elevated Alcohol Scale or Drugs Scale score. The higher the elevation of these scale scores (e.g., Severe Problem range) with the Violence Scale, the worse the prognosis. An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale with an elevated Violence Scale score provides insight regarding co-determinants and possible treatment recommendations. An elevated Control Scale in combination with an elevated Violence Scale score suggests a rigidly hostile characterological pattern. Loss of control results in punitive consequences; whereas, lack of control is anxiety inducing. The Violence Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other DVI Pre-Post scale scores.

Control Scale: "Control" is a complex psychological term. Some researchers are interested in the dynamics of controlling others. The DVI Pre-Post Control Scale measures one’s need to control others. In social psychology, control is often a synonym for power or influence. Within the context of domestic violence, control refers to the process of regulating, restraining or controlling others. These controlling behaviors vary from normal (mild) to pathological (severe). Control-related behavior pathology focuses on exaggerated, distorted or extreme behaviors like swearing, pushing, intimidating, hitting and even battering. Without getting into a discussion of a variety of control theories, the construct "control" has become important in understanding domestic violence. The significance of control is reflected in domestic violence perpetrators’ difficulty in giving up control and their resistance to treatment.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Control Scale score indicates the presence of regulating, restraining and controlling behaviors. Scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identify extreme and even pathological controlling behaviors. Elevated Control Scale scorers have a need to control others. Anything that interferes with this sense of control is frustrating and can be threatening. These people often have a lot of friction or conflict in their relationships.

An elevated Control Scale score with an elevated Violence Scale score is usually a malignant sign. The height of these scale scores is important. Scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range should not be ignored, as they are indicative of a dangerous person. Similarly, an elevated substance (Alcohol or Drugs Scale) abuse score in conjunction with an elevated Control Scale score is problematic. Alcohol and/or drug involvement can exacerbate control issues. An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score with an elevated Control Scale score may help in understanding the respondent’s situation. A person that doesn’t handle stress well is likely to experience symptom magnification. In summary, the Control Scale can be interpreted in-dependently or in conjunction with other DVI Pre-Post scale scores.

Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquor. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious drinking problems.

Since a history of alcohol problems could result in an abstainer (current non-drinker) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score, precautions have been built into the DVI Pre-Post to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics." Several DVI Pre-Post items are printed in the "Significant Items" section of the DVI Pre-Post report for quick reference. These alcohol items include the following: admits drinking is a problem (item #27), indicates drinking problem (item #86), "recovering alcoholic" (item #146), describes seriousness of own drinking (item #132) and states own desire for alcohol treatment (item #136). In addition, the Alcohol Scale risk range paragraphs (printed for elevated scores) clearly state that the respondent may be a "recovering alcoholic."

In intervention and treatment settings, the respondent’s Alcohol Scale score helps staff work through the respondent’s denial. Most people accept the objective and standardized Alcohol Scale score as accurate and relevant in comparison to a person’s subjective opinion. This is particularly true when it is explained that elevated scores don’t occur by chance. The respondent must answer a definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions for elevated scores to occur. And, scale scores are based on thousands of respondents who have completed the DVI Pre-Post.

An elevated Alcohol Scale score in conjunction with other elevated scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated scores. For example, if you have a respondent with an elevated Violence Scale who also has an elevated Alcohol Scale score, that person is even more dangerous when drinking. In summary, the Alcohol Scale can be interpreted independently or in conjunction with other elevated scores.

Drugs Scale: Measures illicit drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, cocaine, crack, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. These are illicit substances. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious illicit drug abusers.

A history of drug-related problems could result in an abstainer (drug history, but not presently using drugs) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score. Precautions have been built into the DVI Pre-Post to correctly identify "recovering drug abusers." Several DVI Pre-Post items are printed in the "Significant Items" section of the DVI Pre-Post report for easy reference. These items include: used within last 30 days (item #25), admits using non-prescription drugs (item #35), rates severity of own drug use (item #133) and states desire for drug treatment (item #137). In addition, the elevated Drugs Scale paragraphs clearly state the respondent may be a "recovering" (item #146) drug abuser.

In intervention and treatment settings, the respondent’s Drugs Scale score helps staff work through client denial. And, an elevated Drugs Scale score in conjunction with other elevated scale scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated scores. For example, an elevated Violence Scale in conjunction with an elevated Drugs Scale score increases the severity and risk associated with the Violence Scale. In summary, the Drugs Scale can be interpreted independently or in conjunction with other elevated scales.

Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the respondent copes with stress. It is now known that stress exacerbates symptoms of mental and emotional problems. Thus, an elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score in conjunction with other elevated DVI Pre-Post scale scores helps explain the respondent’s situation. For example, when a person doesn’t handle stress well, other existing problems are exacerbated. This problem augmentation applies to substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence (lethality), control issues and stress-related problems.

An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can also exacerbate emotional and mental health symptomatology. When a Stress Coping Abilities Scale score is in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range, it is likely that the respondent has a diagnosable mental health problem. In these instances, referral to a certified/licensed mental health professional is warranted to obtain a diagnosis, prognosis and treatment plan. Lower elevated scores suggest less intensive referral alternatives like a stress management program. In summary, the Stress Coping Abilities Scale can be interpreted independently or in conjunction with other elevated scales.

Test Unit Fee (Cost): DVI Pre-Post cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. There is only the one cost or charge, and that is the test unit fee. Everything else is included at no additional cost to the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary testing reports, staff training, and support services. Do not be misled by some test publishers' à la carte pricing like separate costs for each test administration as well as for each of the test-related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We believe Risk & Needs' one test unit fee is very affordable.

Free Examination Kit: A 1-test DVI Pre-Post demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in MS-DOS format so that the software is contained on the diskette. This way, the one-time Windows setup program is avoided at the demo level. The examination kit contains a 1-test demo diskette, test booklet (reusable), an answer sheet (can photocopy), a "DVI: Orientation and Training Manual," One-Page Quick Start and some descriptive information. Risk & Needs does want the demonstration diskette and test booklet returned within 30 days of receipt. To request a free examination kit, click on the Free Examination Kit Request link.

How to Proceed: To become a Risk & Needs test user, click on the Agreement & Proposals link, click on the Print Client User Agreement button and fax the completed form to (602) 266-8227, or mail your completed form to Risk & Needs. Upon its receipt by Risk & Needs, you become a Risk & Needs test user and can order tests. Established Risk & Needs test users can reorder tests by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail.

Other related links are listed for reference. They are available as needed.

   Test Unit Fee (Cost) webpage link. Explains Risk & Needs' Test Unit Fees or Costs.
    New Client Order webpage link. Explains steps to become a "new Risk & Needs client."
    How to Order webpage link. Explains how Risk & Needs tests can be ordered.

Additional information can be provided upon request. Contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828, Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828. Risk & Needs' telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.

In conclusion, it was noted that there are several levels of DVI Pre-Post interpretation ranging from viewing the DVI Pre-Post as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and interrelationships. Scale scores can also be interpreted individually. Staff can then put DVI Pre-Post findings within the context of the respondent’s life and domestic violence situation.

 

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The three DVI Pre-Post reports (Pretest, Posttest and Comparison) are presented sequentially.  The Pretest Report is presented first.  The Posttest Report is presented second.  The DVI Pretest and DVI Posttest reports are the same except for their name.  The Comparison Report is presented third.  To go directly to the Comparison Report click on this Comparison Report  link.

The DVI Pre-Post Pretest is administered at program intake. This report serves as a baseline for subsequent DVI Pre-Post tests. Regardless of how many posttests are given, they are always compared to the Pretest results.

The first page of the Pretest report begins with the client's name and some basic demographics. The DVI Pre-Post Profile summarizes scale scores by name, attained percentile scores and represents these scores graphically. This summarizes Pretest results at a glance. Self-reported court history is then presented. Client-selected desired treatment programs (if any) are listed. These selected programs represent intervention alternatives preferred by the client. Staff are then provided room for their observations and recommendations. Page one concludes with the staff member's signature and the date of the evaluation.

The second page of the Pretest report presents scale summary paragraphs for the Truthfulness Scale, Alcohol Scale, Control Scale, Drugs Scale and Violence Scale. Each paragraph names the scale, gives the client's attained scale score, explains what that score means and sets forth specific score-related recommendations.

The third page of the Pretest report completes the Violence Scale paragraph then continues with the Stress Coping Abilities Scale summary paragraph. Then, "Significant Items" (direct admissions or unusual answers) are listed for the Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale, Domestic Violence and the Control Scale. Then, the client's answers to the "Multiple Choice" (items 132 through 147) are presented. Page 3 concludes with a reproduction of all of the client's answers to DVI Pre-Post Pretest items. This facilitates staff establishing a client's answers to items of interest.

This completes the presentation of the DVI Pre-Post Pretest report. The Pretest report becomes the Comparison report for subsequent DVI Pre-Post test administrations. In other words, subsequent posttests can be compared to this Pretest report.

 

DVI PRE-POST

 

The DVI Pre-Post Posttest is administered anytime after the Pretest. It can be administered at scheduled intervals (e.g., 1^st month, 3^rd month, 9^th month or 12^th month intervals) or upon counseling/treatment program completion. The Posttest can be administered more than once.

The first page of the Posttest report begins with the client's name and some basic demographics. The DVI Pre-Post Profile presents each scale's name and attained percentile scores and portrays these scores graphically. This Profile summarizes Posttest scores at a glance. The client's self-reported court history is then summarized. Client-selected treatment/intervention programs are listed. This provides some additional insight into the client's motivation. Space is provided for staff recommendations, signature and the date of testing.

The second page of the Posttest report sets forth scale paragraphs for the Truthfulness Scale, Alcohol Scale, Control Scale, Drugs Scale and the Violence Scale. Each of these paragraphs gives the scale's name, the client's attained score and explains what that score means. As warranted, score-related recommendations are made.

The third page of the Posttest report completes the Violence Scale then continues with the Stress Coping Abilities Scale paragraph. The "Significant Items" (direct admissions or unusual answers) for the Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale, Domestic Violence and Control Scale are listed. Then, the client's answers to the "Structured Interview" (items 132 through 147) are presented. Page 3 concludes with a reproduction of the client's Posttest answers.

This completes the presentation of the DVI Pre-Post Posttest report. In spite of the standard outline or format, Posttest reports are highly individualized. Posttest report data is always compared to Pretest results, and this leads to the Comparison report.

 

DVI PRE-POST

 

The DVI Pre-Post is an objective and standardized outcome test. It incorporates empirically based scales and objectively based outcome measures. The Pretest is the standard against which all subsequent Posttests are compared.

The Comparison Report is generated when the Posttest is administered. By definition, Posttest is after Pretest administration. It is the Comparison Report that compares Pretest and Posttest scores.

The first page of the Comparison Report begins with the client's name and some basic demographics. The DVI Pre-Post Comparison Index is presented. This index is the difference between the client's Pretest score and that client's comparable Posttest score for the Truthfulness Scale, Alcohol Scale, Control Scale, Drugs Scale, Violence Scale and Stress Coping Abilities Scale. Each paragraph gives the client's Pretest and Posttest scale score, the comparison score (Pretest minus Posttest) and an explanation of what these comparison scores mean.

The second page of the Comparison Report provides "Significant Item Comparisons" (direct admissions or unusual answers) between the Pretest and Posttest reports on all of the DVI Pre-Post scales. Similarly, Pretest and Posttest answers are reproduced. This facilitates specific item comparisons, when desired.

The third page of the Comparison Report contains four behavior categories (Alcohol, Drugs, Violence and Control) for Pretest and Posttest comparison. Compared items are concisely summarized, and their item number is presented in parentheses. The client's Pretest and Posttest answers to these items are set forth for comparison. Page 3 concludes with space provided for the staff member's recommendations, signature and the assessment date.

We hope this webpage has been interesting and helpful. Additional information can be provided upon request. Contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828, Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828. Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.

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