DOMESTIC VIOLENCE INVENTORY

Developed Specifically for Domestic Violence Offender Evaluation

The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) is designed specifically for domestic violence offender assessment. The DVI evaluates violence (lethality) potential, assesses control issues, quantifies substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse and measures stress coping abilities. The DVI has 155 items and takes 30 minutes to complete. The DVI has six measures (scales): 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Control Scale, 4. Alcohol Scale, 5. Drugs Scale and 6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale.

 

Six Scales (measures)

The six Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) scales are described as follows:

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the client was while completing the test. It identifies denial, guardedness, problem minimization and faking. It identifies faking good.
    
2. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the use of force to injure, damage or destroy. This scale identifies people that are a danger to themselves and others. Within the context of domestic violence, the terms violence and domestic violence are used interchangeably.
    
3. Control Scale: Measures a person’s need to control others. In social psychology, control is often a synonym for power and influence. Control refers to the process of regulating, restraining or controlling others. Controlling behaviors include swearing, intimidation, pushing, hitting and battering.
    
4. Alcohol Scale: Measures the magnitude of alcohol use and abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquors. Alcohol is all too often involved in domestic violence.
    
5. Drugs Scale: Measures drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. Illicit drugs are often involved in domestic violence-related substance abuse.
    
6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures a person’s ability to cope with stress, anxiety and pressure. Stress exacerbates mental health symptomatology. This scale is a non-introversive screen for established (diagnosable) emotional and mental health problems.

* * * * *

The DVI assesses attitudes and behaviors yielding a domestic violence offender profile. Paper-pencil test administration takes on average 30 minutes, and tests are computer-scored on-site. Reports are printed within 2½ minutes. The DVI was developed specifically for domestic violence evaluation. It is much more than just another alcohol or drug test; consequently, it measures important behaviors missed by other tests.

 

 

There are 4 versions of the DVI, and links to each DVI version’s webpage are presented here. Each of these tests is represented in the Alphabetical Listing of Tests and the Functional Grouping of Tests.

"Appropriate for Misdemeanor and Felony Offenders"

Why Use the DVI?

Domestic violence crime rates have risen across the U.S. These statistics underscore the abhorrent effects of domestic violence and the need for meaningful and accurate assessment. Early detection of domestic violence perpetrators facilitates quicker intervention and treatment. This type of information also helps in deciding upon levels of probation supervision, counseling, treatment and incarceration alternatives. The DVI is designed to meet these needs.

At one sitting of approximately 30 minutes' duration, staff can acquire a vast amount of domestic violence perpetrator information, which includes acting out (violence) propensity, controlling tendencies, substance abuse and stress coping abilities. Early problem identification facilitates timely intervention and improved outcome results.

Advantages of Screening

Screening or assessment instruments filter out individuals with serious problems that may require referral for a more comprehensive evaluation and/or treatment. This filtering system works as follows:

Reference to the above table shows that a problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher. These risk range percentiles are based upon over 65,000 people who have taken the Domestic Violence Inventory. This procedure is fair and avoids extremes, i.e., over-identification and under-identification of problems and risk.

A state, department or agency's policy might refer clients with identified problems for further evaluation, intervention or treatment services. In this case, 31% of the people screened (Problem Risk and Severe Risk) would be referred. Or, policy might only refer people with serious problems (Severe Problem, 11%) for additional services. In these examples, 69% or 89% (contingent upon adopted policy) of the people screened would not be referred for additional (and expensive) services.

Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large with no compromises in clients receiving appropriate evaluation and/or treatment services. Indeed, more offenders would receive help. Without a screening program, there is usually more risk of over or under-utilization of additional professional services.

DVI scales identify the areas they screen. And, these scales (measures) are: 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Control Scale, 4. Alcohol Scale, 5. Drugs Scale and 6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale.

Test Booklets

DVI test booklets are provided free. These booklets contain 155 items (true/false and multiple choice) and are written at a 5^th to 6^th grade reading level. If a person can read the newspaper, they can read the Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI).

Reports

In brief, DVI reports summarize the respondent’s self-report history, explain what attained scale scores mean and offer specific score-related recommendations. Within 2½ minutes of test data entry, automated (computer-scored) 3-page reports are printed on-site. These reports summarize a lot of information in an easily understood format. For example, reports include a DVI profile (graph), which summarizes scale scores at a glance. Also included are attained scale scores, an explanation of what each score means and specific score-related recommendations. In addition, significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to a built-in interview (last sequence of items) are presented. Emphasis is placed on having meaningful reports that are helpful and easily understood.

To go directly to the example DVI report, click on the DVI Report link. After reviewing the report, you can return to this section by clicking on the "Return to DVI Reports Section" link.

"Demonstrated Reliability, Validity and Accuracy"

Reliability, Validity and Accuracy

The DVI has a proprietary built-in database that insures inclusion of all administered tests in a confidential (no names) manner. Over 65,000 DVI tests' data are represented in the DVI database. These reliability, validity and accuracy statistics are reported in the document titled "DVI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Annual database analysis further demonstrates that DVI scales have very high reliability coefficients with minimum interscale correlations. For example, internal consistencies (alpha coefficients) for DVI scales are reported in the following table for some domestic violence offenders (N=4,389) screened in the year 2002. This is only one among many year 2002 samples.

All DVI scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75 and are highly reliable. All alpha coefficients are significant at the p<.001 level.

DVI research extends over 10 years. Many studies have been conducted on thousands of domestic violence perpetrators using several validation methods. Early studies used criterion measures and were validated with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L-Scale and F-Scale, 16PF, MMPI MacAndrews Scale, MMPI Psychopathic Deviate, Taylor-Manifest Anxiety Scale, MMPI Depression Scale, Treatment Intervention Inventory, SAQ-Adult Probation III, MMPI Manifest Hostility Scale, etc.

The DVI-Short Form scales correlate highly significantly with DVI scale scores.

 

Correlation coefficients vary from zero to 1, where zero represents no relationship and 1 means the two variables are perfectly related. In the above table, DVI-Short Form scale items were correlated against the DVI scales in this sample of DVI data. DVI-Short Form scales are subsets of DVI scales (same items are in both tests), and they are shown to be highly correlated with the DVI scales. For domestic violence offender assessment, test users now have a choice: DVI or DVI-Short Form.

Much of this research is summarized in the document "DVI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Subsequently, many discriminant and predictive validity database analysis-based studies support DVI reliability, validity and accuracy. To review a DVI research study, click on the DVI Research Study link. This link is also provided at the end of this webpage.

DVI norms are based on over 65,000 male and female respondents. Separate norms are available for gender (male and female) and ethnicity (Caucasian, Black and Hispanic). This database research is ongoing.

All DVI Short Form scales correlate significantly with corresponding DVI scales. The Short Form contains the same six measures or scales in the "standard" DVI. We refer to the longer original DVI as the "standard test." If interested in the DVI Short Form, you can click on the following link to go to the DVI-Short Form webpage.

Research Publication: Nebraska Probation Department's Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) selection process was automated with Risk & Needs tests. These tests include the Driver Risk Inventory-II, SAQ-Adult Probation III, Domestic Violence Inventory and the ACDI-Corrections Version II. This research is reported in Edward C. Birkel and David L. Wegner's article (2000). "Accurate Intensive Supervision Probation Selection:  Revisited." American Probation and Parole Association, Perspectives, Vol. 24, #4 Fall, pp. 18-21. To read this article click on the Perspectives Research Article link.

Fairness goes beyond reliability and validity. The term applies to test accuracy for demographic groups like gender and ethnicity. DVI scoring equations are adjusted, as warranted, on an annual basis to insure fairness.

Software

The DVI is available on MS-DOS or Windows diskettes. MS-DOS diskettes contain all their own software. Windows diskettes require a one-time computer setup procedure after which DVI data diskettes are used to score and print reports. Training manuals are provided, and new test users can be walked through these scoring procedures over Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc.'s (Risk & Needs') telephone line.

Proprietary DVI diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½" or 5¼" diskettes score, interpret and print reports on-site. Once a DVI account is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. Approximately 97% of orders are filled and mailed back to users the same day. When all test applications are used, diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs where the demographics (e.g., gender, ethnicity) and test data are downloaded into the DVI database for subsequent database analysis.

Delete Names. The proprietary "delete names" program is activated by the test user with a few keystrokes to delete all respondent names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. Deleting all respondent names insures protection of each respondent’s confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

Database

The DVI system contains a proprietary built-in database. Earlier, it was noted that all DVI used diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs, and the test data is downloaded into the DVI database. This expanding database allows ongoing research and testing program summary features that were not possible before. Ongoing research ensures quality control. Annual testing program summaries provide for program self evaluation.

Built-in Database

The DVI permits ongoing research and annual program summary -- at no additional cost. As discussed earlier, when the 25 or 50 test diskettes are used, used diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs, checked for viruses and downloaded into the expanding DVI database. Advantages of this proprietary database are many and include database (research) analysis and Annual Summary Reports.

Returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, department or agency basis -- at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide information that permits testing program review. An example summary report can be reviewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Reports link.

In summary, all returned DVI diskettes' test data is centrally filed at Risk & Needs' offices in the DVI database. This database has many advantages. Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale alpha coefficients, ANOVA, frequency distributions, correlations, cross-tab statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy determinations. A DVI research study can be reviewed by clicking on the DVI Research Study link.

Annual Summary Reports

Risk & Needs can access each of its tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and summarization of all tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and even some individual providers -- at no cost to them. These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports include demographics, court-history when relevant, and test statistics (reliability, validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Risk & Needs' annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests annually. An example Annual Summary Report can be viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Reports link.

Staff member input: The DVI is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available, court and adjustment records should be reviewed, as they can contain important information not provided or incorrectly provided by the respondent. Experienced staff should also interview the client. For these reasons, the following statement is contained in each DVI report: "Domestic Violence Inventory results are confidential and should be considered working hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision should be based solely upon these results. These test results are to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment and review of available records."

Why develop the DVI?

Domestic violence is an all too frequent serious crime. It varies in severity from swearing or pushing to battering. "Domestic violence" is a complex term that refers to verbal, emotional or physical injury within a family or household relationship. Contributing factors are many and include substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence (lethality) propensity, control issues and impaired stress coping abilities. The DVI evaluates all of these important areas of inquiry.

How do you know if the domestic violence offender is lying? The DVI contains a Truthfulness Scale that determines how truthful the respondent was while completing the test. This scale identifies problem minimization and detects faking. And, the DVI doesn’t stop there. Error of measurement due to untruthfulness is measured for each scale and reported as Truth-Corrected scores. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the respondent is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.

Unique DVI Features

The Truthfulness Scale measures how truthful the respondent was while completing the DVI. This scale identifies denial, problem minimization and faking. Many domestic violence offenders attempt to minimize their problems. The DVI Truthfulness Scale has been validated with other tests, truthfulness studies and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L and F-Scales. It consists of a number of items that most people agree or disagree with. This important scale has been demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. Much of this research is reported in the document titled "DVI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." By clicking on the DVI Research Study link you can review each scales reliability and validity.

"More Than Just Another Alcohol or Drug Test"

Truth-Corrected Scores have proven to be important in enhancing assessment accuracy. This proprietary truth correction program is comparable to the MMPI K-Scale correction methodology. The DVI Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with the other five DVI scales. The Truth Correction equation then converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Raw scores reflect what the respondent wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the respondent is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.

"Includes a Violence (Lethality) Scale"

The Violence Scale measures the respondent’s propensity for using force to injure, damage or destroy. It identifies the respondent’s danger to self and others. The growing awareness of violence in our society resulted in the inclusion of the Violence (Lethality) Scale in the DVI. When screening violence or lethality potential is important, we recommend you use the DVI. Within the context of domestic violence, the terms violence and domestic violence are used interchangeably.

Control Scale. Control in psychoanalytic theory is the process of restraining or regulating impulses. In social psychology, control is often a synonym of power or influence. In domestic violence, control refers to the process of restraining, regulating or controlling others. Controlling behaviors include, but are not limited to, pushing, swearing, intimidation and hitting. The concept of control has become an important construct in domestic violence research. Consequently, the Control Scale was added to the DVI in 1996. The inclusion of the Control Scale is an example of the DVI being designed specifically to assess domestic violence perpetrators. The Control Scale adds greatly to our assessment and understanding of domestic violence perpetrators. This important area of inquiry is overlooked by other domestic violence tests.

Substance Abuse Screening is important because alcohol and/or drug use is often associated with domestic violence. The Alcohol Scale identifies alcohol use and measures the severity of abuse. Similarly, the Drugs Scale identifies illicit drug use and measures the severity of abuse.

The Stress Coping Abilities Scale measures how well the respondent handles tension, stress and pressure. This scale goes beyond establishing whether or not the respondent is experiencing stress. It determines how well the respondent handles or copes with stress. Stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptoms. Consequently, this scale is a non-introversive way to screen established (diagnosable) mental health problems. A respondent scoring at or above the 90^th percentile on the Stress Coping Abilities Scale should be referred to a certified/licensed mental health professional for a more comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis, as warranted. This important area of inquiry is missed by other domestic violence tests.

More than just another alcohol or drug test: In addition to alcohol and drugs, the DVI assesses other important areas of inquiry like truthfulness, violence (lethality), control issues and stress coping abilities. The DVI is designed specifically for domestic violence perpetrators.

Three ways to give the DVI: The DVI can be administered in three different ways: 1. Paper-pencil test booklet format. This is the most popular testing procedure. English and Spanish test booklets are available. 2. The DVI can be given directly on the computer screen. And, 3. Human voice audio involves a computer and a headset. The respondent uses the up-down arrow keys. As the respondent goes from question to answer with the arrow key, that question or answer is highlighted on the monitor (screen) and simultaneously read to the respondent. These three test administration modes are discussed in the DVI: Orientation and Training Manual. Each test administration has advantages and some limitations. Risk & Needs offers these three test administration modes so test users can select the test administration mode that is best suited to their needs.

Reading impaired assessment: Reading impaired respondents represent 20+ percent of the domestic violence perpetrators tested. This represents a serious problem to other domestic violence tests. In contrast, Risk & Needs has developed a proprietary alternative for reading impaired assessment, which is termed "human voice audio."

Human Voice Audio: Human Voice Audio is available in English and Spanish. It helps resolve many reading and cultural difference issues. A person’s passive vocabulary is often greater than their active (spoken) vocabulary. Hearing items read out loud often helps reduce cultural and communication problems. As discussed earlier, "human voice audio" test presentation requires a computer, earphones and simple instructions regarding how to operate the up-down arrow keys located on the computer keyboard. Without this "human voice audio" option, a domestic violence perpetrator testing program could be limited.

Confidentiality: Risk & Needs encourages test users to delete respondent names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. This proprietary name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes. Once respondent names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the DVI database for subsequent analysis. This procedure insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

Test Data Input Verification: This proprietary program allows the person that inputs test data from the answer sheet into the computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and second data entries are highlighted until corrected. When the first and second data entries match or are the same, the staff person may continue. Use of this data input verification procedure is optional, yet strongly recommended by Risk & Needs.

Inventory of Scientific Findings: Much of the DVI research has been gathered together in one document titled "DVI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes DVI research chronologically - as the studies were completed.

This innovative chronological reporting format was established largely because of the DVI database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered that year. It also allows the reader to observe the evolution of the DVI into its current state-of-the-art position.

Orientation and Training Manual: The DVI: Orientation and Training Manual (O&T Manual) explains how the DVI works. This manual is a must read for staff that will be using the DVI. O&T Manual content includes, but is not limited to, the following: testing instructions, explanation of how scores are derived, interpretation of how court and corrections information is used (when available) in scoring methodology, description of unique DVI features and much much more.

The DVI: Orientation and Training Manual explains how the DVI works and should be read by staff.

Computer Operating Guide: Some computer operators want more information than others. Consequently, Risk & Needs provides a One-Page Quick Start, which includes basic instructions for scoring and a more comprehensive Computer Operating Guide. The Computer Operating Guide contains instructions for using MS-DOS as well as Windows software. This manual discusses hardware, software, scoring, printing reports, unique program features and much more.

The DVI: Computer Operating Guide explains how to score tests, print or store reports and discusses other unique DVI computer-related features.

Staff Training: Risk & Needs' staff are available to participate in DVI training programs scheduled by test users in the United States. Large departments/agencies or statewide programs often are interested in DVI training. Sometimes, smaller agencies or departments get together for a joint training session on the DVI. Risk & Needs gives attendees certificates attesting to their DVI training.

Staff training is also provided on Fridays at Risk & Needs' Phoenix offices from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To participate, contact Risk & Needs at least ten days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.

Automated Criminogenic Structured Interview (ACSI): The ACSI is a structured interview, not a test. The ACSI consists of 65 multiple choice items. It obtains comprehensive background history, pattern of substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse and criminogenic needs information. Whatever multiple choice item answer that is selected is printed in the ACSI report. Use of the ACSI is voluntary (not required). The ACSI is free. ACSI use is restricted to users of Risk & Needs adult tests. The ACSI is not a test, and it is not to be used as a standalone test. The ACSI is a structured interview. For more information on the ACSI and to see an ACSI report, click on this ACSI link.

The DVI Short Form consists of 76 items and takes 15 to 20 minutes to complete. The Short Form contains the same six measures or scales in the "standard" DVI. We refer to the longer original DVI as the "standard test." The DVI was modified or shortened. Short Form scales correlate highly significantly with standard DVI scales. These correlation coefficients are: Truthfulness Scale (r = .96), Alcohol Scale (r = .98), Control Scale (r = .97), Drugs Scale (r = .97), Violence (Lethality) Scale (r = .95) and Stress Coping Abilities Scale (r = .91). These coefficients are based on 4,389 domestic violence offenders evaluated in 2002. Click on the following DVI-Short Form link to go to the DVI-Short Form webpage.

"Adult, Juvenile and Outcome Tests"

Domestic Violence Inventory-Juvenile: The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) has been modified for juvenile (14 to 18 years) assessment. The juvenile version has the acronym DVI-Juvenile. The DVI-Juvenile is designed for juveniles accused or convicted of domestic violence. The DVI-Juvenile is a 149-item self-report test that can be completed in 30 minutes. The DVI-Juvenile can be scored with reports printed on-site within 2½ minutes. The DVI-Juvenile has the same six scales as the DVI. These include: 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Control Scale, 4. Alcohol Scale, 5. Drugs Scale and 6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale. The DVI-Juvenile has the unique features discussed for the DVI. Click on the following DVI-Juvenile link to go to DVI-Juvenile webpage. Additional DVI-Juvenile information can be provided upon request. Risk & Needs' telephone number is (602) 234-3506.

DVI Pre-Post: The Domestic Violence Inventory has been modified so that it can be used for pretest-posttest outcome comparison. After the DVI Pretest is administered, the client undergoes some form of intervention (e.g., counseling or treatment). Upon completion of the intervention (e.g., counseling or treatment) program, the client is administered the DVI Posttest.

Each time the DVI Pre-Post is administered, it generates an automated (computer-scored) report, which summarizes the results of that test's administration. Moreover, when the posttest is administered, the DVI Pre-Post program automatically compares pretest and posttest scale scores and summarizes these results in a "comparison report." This comparison report is an objective comparison of pretest and posttest scores. Consequently, these outcome measures show whether the client has improved, stayed the same or gotten worse.

DVI Pre - Post

 

Pre-Post scales include: 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Control Scale, 4. Alcohol Scale, 5. Drugs Scale and 6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale. DVI Pre-Post scales are designed so that scale scores reflect the here-and-now. Scale score comparisons can improve, stay the same or get worse. The DVI Pre-Post provides objective outcome measures. It provides an objective comparison of DVI pretest and posttest results.

The DVI Pre-Post has 147 items and on average takes 30 minutes to complete. It contains variations of the standard DVI scales. Although derived from the DVI, this test has no history questions and objectively compares here-and-now pretest and posttest scores. Click on the following DVI Pre-Post link to go to the DVI Pre-Post webpage.

* * * * *

In summary, there are four versions of the Domestic Violence Inventory, and there is a separate webpage for each DVI test. These webpages include:

1. Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI)
2. DVI-Short Form
3. DVI-Juvenile
4. DVI Pre-Post

Each of these four versions of the DVI has its own webpage. And, each of these versions (tests) are listed in the Tests Alphabetically Listed webpage and the Tests Functionally Grouped webpage.

"State-of-the-art Domestic Violence Assessment"

Epilogue

The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) was conceptualized after years of evaluating people accused or convicted of domestic violence for the courts, attorneys, probation and corrections departments as well as counseling and treatment agencies. Years of psychometric research followed.

The goal from the beginning has been to develop a practical, helpful and psychometrically sound instrument. Practical in the sense that it can be completed in a reasonable amount of time, helpful in terms of providing useful information to people working with domestic violence perpetrators, and psychometrically sound with regards to reliability, validity and accuracy.

Risk & Needs' staff are proud of the DVI and believe we have successfully achieved the goals set forth above, i.e., a practical, helpful and psychometrically sound test.

Now, our mission is to maintain these objectives while sustaining the DVI’s state-of-the-art reputation. We are aided in these efforts by the DVI’s built-in database, which facilitates ongoing research.

Hopefully, this dialogue explains why the Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) is one of the very few tests designed specifically for domestic violence perpetrator assessment.

In conclusion, we know that DVI user feedback is important. User feedback has contributed to the design (e.g., 6 scales) and updation (e.g., Control Scale) of the DVI. We want to assure DVI users that we will listen. We appreciate DVI user feedback whether it be by phone, e-mail or letter.

Test Unit Fee (Cost): DVI cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. There is only the one cost or charge, and that is the test unit fee. Everything else is included at no additional cost to the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary testing reports, staff training, and support services. Do not be misled by some test publishers' à la carte pricing like separate costs for each test administration as well as for each of the test-related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We believe Risk & Needs' one test unit fee is very affordable.

Free Examination Kit

A 1-test demo diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in MS-DOS format so that all the software is contained on the diskette. This way, the one-time Windows setup program is avoided at the demo level. Examination kits contain the 1-test demonstration diskette, test booklet and training manuals. Risk & Needs does want the demonstration diskette and test booklet returned within 30 days. To request a free examination kit, click on the Free Examination Kit Request link.

"Additional Information Provided Upon Request"

Support Services

Risk & Needs provides a full range of support services that include: Information dissemination (descriptive materials, demo diskettes and staff presentations); Orders (97% returned on the same day received); Test-Related Materials (no additional cost); Consultation & Support of Research (free discussion, cooperation and DVI-related support); Staff Training (manuals, high volume users and statewide programs on-site presentations); First Time User (telephone walk-through available); Ongoing Support (software and test-related); DVI Updates (no additional cost); and Other (as long as it is test-related). Risk & Needs is committed to providing DVI support services to interested parties and test users.

How to Proceed

To become a Risk & Needs test user, click on the Agreement & Proposals link, click on the Print Client User Agreement button and fax the completed form to (602) 266-8227, or mail your completed form to Risk & Needs. Upon its receipt by Risk & Needs, you become a Risk & Needs test user and can order tests. Established Risk & Needs test users can reorder tests by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail.

 

Other related links are listed for reference. They are available as needed.

   Test Unit Fee (Cost) webpage link. Explains Risk & Needs' Test Unit Fees or Costs.
    New Client Order webpage link. Explains steps to become a "new Risk & Needs client."
    How to Order webpage link. Explains how Risk & Needs tests can be ordered.

Additional information can be provided upon request. Contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828, Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828. Risk & Needs' telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.

Selecting a Domestic Violence Offender Assessment Instrument or Test

If you are selecting a domestic violence offender assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. This checklist itemizes important assessment and screening qualities. The "Other" column represents any other test you might want to compare to the Domestic Violence Inventory.

 

"Several Levels of DVI Interpretation"

DVI Interpretation

An example 3-page Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) report follows this discussion of DVI interpretation. It is provided as a ready reference to augment this dialogue. There are several levels of DVI interpretation ranging from viewing the DVI as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and scale interrelationships.

The following table is a starting point for interpreting DVI scale scores.

A problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher. Elevated scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70^th percentile. Severe problems are identified by scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile. Severe problems represent the highest 11 percent of respondents evaluated with the DVI. The DVI has been normed on over 65,000 domestic violence offenders. And, this normative sample continues to expand with each DVI test that is administered.

Scale Interpretation

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the respondent was while completing the test. It identifies guarded and defensive people who attempt to fake good. Scores at or below the 89^th percentile mean that all DVI scales are accurate. Scale scores in the 70^th to 89^th percentile range are accurate because they have been Truth-Corrected. Scores at or above the 90^th percentile mean that all DVI scales are inaccurate (invalid) because the respondent was overly guarded, read things into test items that aren’t there, was minimizing problems, or was attempting to fake answers. Respondents with reading impairments might also score in this 70^th to 89^th percentile scoring range. If not consciously deceptive, respondents with elevated Truthfulness Scale scores are uncooperative, fail to understand test items or have a need to appear in a good light. The Truthfulness Scale score is important because it shows whether or not the respondent answered DVI test items honestly. Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89^th percentile indicate that all other DVI scale scores are accurate. One of the first things to check when reviewing a DVI report is the Truthfulness Scale score. The Truthfulness Scale can be interpreted independently. Truthfulness Scale scores override all other DVI scale scores.

2. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Identifies respondents that are dangerous to themselves and others. It is defined as the expression of rage and hostility through physical force. Violence is aggression in its most extreme and unacceptable form. Elevated scorers can be demanding, sensitive to perceived criticism and are insightless about how they express their anger/hostility. Severe Problem scorers should not be ignored as they are threatening, very dangerous and at risk. A particularly unstable and perilous situation involves an elevated Violence Scale with an elevated Alcohol Scale or Drugs Scale score. The higher the elevation of these scale scores (e.g., Severe Problem range) with the Violence Scale, the worse the prognosis. An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale with an elevated Violence Scale score provides insight regarding co-determinants and possible treatment recommendations. An elevated Control Scale in combination with an elevated Violence Scale score suggests a rigidly hostile characterological pattern. Loss of control results in punitive consequences; whereas, lack of control is anxiety inducing. The Violence Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other DVI scale scores.

"A popular Domestic Violence Assessment Instrument"

3. Control Scale: Control is a complex psychological term. Some researchers are interested in the dynamics of controlling others. The DVI Control Scale measures one’s need to control others. In social psychology, control is often a synonym for power or influence. Within the context of domestic violence, control refers to the process of regulating, restraining or controlling others. These controlling behaviors vary from normal (mild) to pathological (severe). Control-related behavior pathology focuses on exaggerated, distorted or extreme behaviors like swearing, pushing, intimidation, hitting and even battering. Without getting into a discussion of a variety of control theories, the construct "control" has become important in understanding domestic violence. The significance of control is reflected in domestic violence perpetrator's difficulty in giving up control and their resistance to treatment.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Control Scale score indicates the presence of regulating, restraining and controlling behaviors. Scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identify extreme and even pathological controlling behaviors. Elevated Control Scale scorers have a need to control others. Anything that interferes with this sense of control is frustrating and can be threatening. These people often have a lot of friction or conflict in their relationships.

An elevated Control Scale score with an elevated Violence Scale score is usually a malignant sign. The height of these scale scores is important. Scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range should not be ignored as they are indicative of a dangerous person. Similarly, an elevated substance (Alcohol or Drugs Scale) abuse score in conjunction with an elevated Control Scale score is problematic. Alcohol and/or drug involvement can exacerbate control issues. An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score with an elevated Control Scale score may help in understanding the respondent’s situation. A person that doesn’t handle stress well is likely to experience symptom magnification. In summary, the Control Scale can be interpreted independently or in conjunction with other DVI scale scores.

4. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquor. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious drinking problems.

Since a history of alcohol problems could result in an abstainer (current non-drinker) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score, precautions have been built into the DVI to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics." Several DVI items are printed in the "Significant Items" section of the DVI report for quick reference. These alcohol items include the following: admits drinking is a problem (item #31), admits drinking problem in the past year (item #37), false indicates drinking problem (item #51), admits has a drinking problem (item #79), "recovering alcoholic" (item #87), describes seriousness of own drinking (item #147) and states own desire for alcohol treatment (item #150). In addition, the Alcohol Scale risk range paragraphs (printed for elevated scores) clearly state that the respondent may be a "recovering alcoholic."

In intervention and treatment settings, the respondent’s Alcohol Scale score helps staff work through the respondent’s denial. Most people accept the objective and standardized Alcohol Scale score as accurate and relevant in comparison to a person’s subjective opinion. This is particularly true when it is explained that elevated scores don’t occur by chance. The respondent must answer a definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions for elevated scores to occur. And, scale scores are based on thousands of respondents who have completed the DVI.

An elevated Alcohol Scale score in conjunction with other elevated scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated scores. For example, if you have a respondent with an elevated Violence Scale who also has an elevated Alcohol Scale score, that person is even more dangerous when drinking. In summary, the Alcohol Scale can be interpreted independently or in conjunction with other elevated scores.

5. Drugs Scale: Measures illicit drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, cocaine, crack, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. These are illicit substances. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious illicit drug abusers.

A history of drug-related problems could result in an abstainer (drug history, but not presently using drugs) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score. Precautions have been built into the DVI to correctly identify "recovering drug abusers." Several DVI items are printed in the "Significant Items" section of the DVI report for easy reference. These items include: increased tolerance in last year (item #29), admits has a drug problem (item #39), used drugs within the last year (item #44), admits using and abusing drugs (item #69), in treatment for a drug problem (item #93), rates severity of own drug use (item #148) and states desire for drug treatment (item #151). In addition, the elevated Drugs Scale paragraphs clearly state the respondent may be a "recovering" drug abuser.

In intervention and treatment settings, the respondent’s Drugs Scale score helps staff work through client denial. And, an elevated Drugs Scale score in conjunction with other elevated scale scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated scores. For example, an elevated Violence Scale in conjunction with an elevated Drugs Scale score increases the severity and risk associated with the Violence Scale. In summary, the Drugs Scale can be interpreted independently or in conjunction with other elevated scales.

6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the respondent copes with stress. It is now known that stress exacerbates symptoms of mental and emotional problems. Thus, an elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score in conjunction with other elevated DVI scale scores helps explain the respondent’s situation. For example, when a person doesn’t handle stress well, other existing problems are exacerbated. This problem augmentation applies to substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence (lethality), control issues and stress-related problems.

An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can also exacerbate emotional and mental health symptomatology. When a Stress Coping Abilities Scale score is in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range, it is likely that the respondent has a diagnosable mental health problem. In these instances, referral to a certified/licensed mental health professional is warranted to obtain a diagnosis, prognosis and treatment plan. Lower elevated scores suggest less intensive referral alternatives like a stress management program. In summary, the Stress Coping Abilities Scale can be interpreted independently or in conjunction with other elevated scales.

* * * * *

In conclusion, it was noted that there are several levels of DVI interpretation ranging from viewing the DVI as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and interrelationships. Scale scores can also be interpreted individually. Staff can then put DVI findings within the context of the respondent’s life and domestic violence situation.

EXAMPLE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE INVENTORY REPORT

DVI reports summarize the respondent's self-report history, explain what attained scale scores mean and offer specific score-related recommendations. Within 2½ minutes of the test data entry, automated (computer scored) 3-page report are printed on-site. These reports summarize a lot of information in a easily understood format. For example, reports include a DVI Profile (graph), which summarizes scales scores at a glance. Also included are attained scale scores, an explanation of what each scale score means and specific score related recommendations. In addition, significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to a built-in interview (last sequence of items) are presented. Emphasis is placed on having meaningful reports that are helpful and easily understood.

The first page of the DVI report begins with the client's name and some basic demographics like age, gender, ethnicity, education, etc. The DVI Profile presents each scale by name, attained percentile score and graphically. Experienced DVI users can look at the DVI Profile and understand the client's scores at a glance. Self-reported court history is reported under the heading "Additional Information Provided By Client." Sometimes this self-report information can be verified with court records. Space is then provided for staff recommendations. The first page concludes with the staff member's signature and the date of testing.