PAROLEE INVENTORY

PAROLEE INVENTORY

The Parolee Inventory (PI) is designed specifically for parolee assessment or screening. The Parolee Inventory (PI) is an automated (computer-scored) assessment instrument or test. This webpage describes the Parolee Inventory (PI) and explains how it works. It discusses unique Parolee Inventory (PI) features, explains Parolee Inventory (PI) scale interpretation and presents an example PI report.

Preface

The Prison Inmate Inventory (PII) is used for inmate assessment and screening in prisons and penitentiaries. Inmate screening for parole selection could be done with the PII while the inmate is incarcerated. The Prison Inmate Inventory (PII) is a different test designed for inmate assessment. To review the PII webpage click in the PII Test link. Both the PII and the Parolee Inventory (PI) are listed on the Alphabetically Listed Tests and the Functionally Grouped Tests webpages and their links are on the left side of this webpage. In prisons not using the PII, the Parolee Inventory (PI) is recommended for parolee assessment.

The Parolee Inventory (PI) is designed specifically for parolee assessment and screening. The PI provides meaningful risk and needs information in an objective, standardized and timely manner. PI reports are scored and printed on-site. The PI can be administered upon parolee intake, at parole officer meetings, at violation review and at scheduled (e.g., once a year) intervals. The PI has 135 items and takes 25 minutes to complete. The PI has eight measures (scales).

The Truthfulness Scale identifies denial, problem minimization and faking. The PI Truthfulness Scale is reliable, valid and accurate. And, a truth correction equation converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores. The Parolee Inventory (PI) and its many unique features are discussed in this webpage.

The PI is to be used in conjunction with a review of available records, parolee interview and experienced staff judgment. The PI provides objective, standardized and accurate screening information. The built-in PI database insures, at no additional cost, ongoing research and annual testing program summaries. Ongoing research insures quality control. Annual testing program summaries provide for program self-evaluation. In brief, the PI incorporates both history and criminogenic factors in its parolee assessment.

Why use the PI in parolee assessment? The reasons are many and include objective, standardized, accurate and fair parolee screening. Early problem identification facilitates positive intervention and treatment. An effective parolee screening program enables problem prone individuals to be helped, as opposed to waiting for them to fail. And, the PI database permits cost efficient (no additional cost) research that can include recidivism prediction.

PAROLEE INVENTORY

Designed Specifically for Parolee Assessment or Screening

The Parolee Inventory, or PI, is designed specifically for parolee assessment or screening. The PI evaluates violence (lethality) potential, assesses antisocial issues, quantifies substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, screens self-esteem and distress while measuring stress coping abilities. The PI has 135 items and takes 25 minutes to complete. The PI has eight measures (scales): 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Antisocial Scale, 4. Self-Esteem Scale, 5. Distress Scale, 6. Alcohol Scale, 7. Drugs Scale and 8. Stress Coping Abilities Scale.

Eight Scales (Measures)

The eight Parolee Inventory (PI) scales are described as follows:

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the parolee was while completing the test. It identifies denial, minimization and faking. This scale identifies faking good.
    
2. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the use of force to injure, damage or destroy. This scale identifies people that are a danger to themselves and others.
    
3. Antisocial Scale: Measures antisocial attitudes and behavior. It identifies people that are opposed to society and are aggressive, irresponsible and destructive. Antisocial people are opposed to existing social organization and moral codes.
    
4. Self-Esteem Scale: Measures a parolee’s explicit valuing and appraisal of self. Self-Esteem incorporates an attitude of acceptance-approval versus rejection-disapproval.
    
5. Distress Scale: Measures pain (physical and mental), agony and anguish. It assesses pain, worry, sorrow, discomfort and distress. This definition of distress incorporates the parolee’s chronic anxiety, depression, pain and suffering.
    
6. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquors. This scale measures the severity of alcohol use or abuse while identifying alcohol-related problems.
    
7. Drugs Scale: Measures the severity of drug (marijuana, crack, ice, LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin) use and abuse while identifying drug-related problems.
    
8. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures the parolee’s ability to cope effectively with stress and pressure. Stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptomology. This is a non-introversive way to screen for the presence of diagnosable mental health problems.

PI Test Booklet

PI test booklets are provided free. These booklets contain 135 items and are written at a 5^th to 6^th grade reading level. If a person can read the newspaper, they can read the PI. Questions are direct and easily understood. It takes 25 minutes, on average, for parolees to complete the test. PI test booklets are available in both English and Spanish.

PI Reports

In brief, PI reports summarize the individual’s self-reported court history, explain what attained scores mean and offer specific score-related recommendations.

Within 2½ minutes from test data entry, automated (computer-scored) 4-page reports are available on-site. These reports summarize a wealth of information in an easily understood format. For example, these reports include a PI profile (graph), which summarizes client findings at a glance. Also included are explanations of what each score means and specific score-related recommendations.

Significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to the built-in interview (last sequence of multiple choice items) are presented. Emphasis has been placed on having meaningful reports that are helpful and easily understood.

To go directly to the example PI report, click on the PI Report link. After reviewing the report, you can return to this section by clicking on the "Return to PI Reports Section" link.

"Objective and Accurate Parolee Screening"

Advantages of Screening

Screening or assessment instruments filter out individuals with serious problems that may require referral for a more comprehensive evaluation and/or treatment. The filtering system works as follows:

Reference to the risk range table shows that a problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher. This procedure is eminently fair and avoids both extremes, i.e., over-identification and under-identification of problems and risk.

A parole board or parole department's policy might refer parolees with identified severe problems for further evaluation, intervention or treatment. In this case, eleven percent (11%) of the people screened (Severe Problem) would be referred. Or, policy might refer clients with problems and severe problems (Problem Risk and Severe Problem) for additional services. In these examples, 89% or 69% (contingent upon adopted policy) of the people screened would not be referred for additional services.

Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large with no compromises in needy people receiving appropriate evaluation and/or treatment services. Indeed, more needy people would receive help. Without a screening program, there is usually more risk of over or under-utilization of additional professional services.

PI scales identify the areas they screen. And, these scales (measures) are: 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 3. Antisocial Scale, 4. Self-Esteem Scale, 5. Distress Scale, 6. Alcohol Scale, 7. Drugs Scale and 8. Stress Coping Abilities Scale.

PI Software

The PI is available in MS-DOS or Windows formatted test application diskettes. MS-DOS diskettes contain all of their own software. In contrast, Windows diskettes require a simple one-time computer setup procedure after which PI data diskettes are used. Training manuals are provided free, and new test users can be walked through these procedures over Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc.'s (Risk & Needs') telephone line.

Proprietary PI diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½" or 5¼" diskettes score, interpret and print PI reports on-site. Once a PI account is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. When all test applications are used, diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs where the test data and demographics are downloaded into the PI database for subsequent research analysis. The proprietary "delete names" program is activated by the test user with a few keystrokes to delete all parolee names from the diskette before it is returned to Risk & Needs. Deleting all test user (parolee) names insures parolee confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

The "PI: Orientation and Training Manual" explains how the PI works and should be read by staff. The "PI: Computer Operating Guide" explains how to score tests, print or store reports and discusses other unique PI computer-related features.

PI Database

The PI system contains a proprietary database. Earlier, it was noted that all PI used diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs, and the test data along with related demographics are downloaded into the PI database. This expanding database allows ongoing research and testing program summary -- capabilities that were not possible before. Ongoing research insures quality control. Test program summaries provide program self-evaluation.

Built-in Database: Permits ongoing research and annual program summary -- at no additional cost. When the 25 or 50 tests on a diskette are used, that diskette is returned to Risk & Needs, checked for any viruses and downloaded into the expanding PI database.

Advantages of a built-in database are many and include database (research) analysis and annual summary reports. Returned diskettes from an agency, department or court can be selected from the database for research and analysis. The PI is restandardized annually on a state-by-state basis at no additional cost to users. Database analysis insures quality control. PI research can be reviewed by clicking on the PI Research link.

Similarly, returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, department or agency basis -- at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide information for testing program self-evaluation. An example report can be reviewed by clicking on the  Annual Summary Report link.

In summary, having all used PI test data centrally filed at Risk & Needs' offices in the PI database has many advantages. Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale alpha coefficients, frequency distributions, correlations, ANOVA, cross-tab statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy determinations. We continue to study the effects of demographics and are undertaking recidivism prediction studies.

Annual Summary Reports

Risk & Needs can access each of its tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and summarization of all tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and even some individual providers -- at no cost to them. These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports include demographics, court-history when relevant, and test statistics (reliability, validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Risk & Needs' annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests annually. An example Annual Summary Report can be viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Report link.

"Demonstrated Reliability, Validity and Accuracy"

Reliability, Validity and Accuracy

The PI has a built-in database that insures inclusion of all tests administered in a confidential (no names) manner. And, these reliability, validity and accuracy statistics are reported in the document titled "PI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Annual database analysis has revealed that PI scales maintain very high reliability coefficients and minimum interscale correlations.

For example, the internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for PI scales are reported below for 1,141 inmates.

The PI: Inventory of Scientific Findings is presented at the end of this webpage. To go directly to this research, click on the PI Research link.

 

All PI scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75 and are highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are significant at the p<.001 level.

Early PI studies used criterion measures and were validated with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L and F-Scales, 16PF, SAQ-Adult Probation III, Mortimer-Filkins, Offender Assessment Index, MacAndrews, Prison Inmate Inventory, staff ratings, etc. Much of this research is summarized in the document titled "PI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Subsequently, discriminant validity (first versus multiple offenders) and predictive validity (parolees that had substance treatment versus non-treatment) database analysis are planned. And, as noted earlier, ongoing database research is done to evaluate reliability, validity and accuracy.

Fairness goes beyond reliability and validity. The term applies to test accuracy for demographic groups like age, gender and ethnicity (race). The PI has been normed on Caucasians, Blacks and Hispanics. The PI is an accurate and fair test. And, whenever possible, local parolee samples are included in the PI database for ongoing analysis.

Staff Member Input

Some people advocate fully automated assessment. Risk & Needs does not. The PI is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available, court records should be reviewed because they can contain important information not provided or incorrectly provided by the parolee.

Experienced evaluators should also interview the parolee. For these reasons, the following statement is contained in each PI report: "Parolee Inventory (PI) results are confidential and should be considered a working hypothesis. No diagnosis or decision should be based solely upon these results. The PI is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment and review of available records."

Unique PI Features

"Truthfulness Scale Identifies Denial and Faking"

Truthfulness Scale: Identifies denial, problem minimization and faking. It is now known that most parolees attempt to minimize their problems to their parole officers. A Truthfulness Scale is a necessary component in contemporary tests. The PI Truthfulness Scale has been validated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), polygraph exams, other tests, truthfulness studies and experienced staff judgment. The PI Truthfulness Scale has been demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. In some respects, the PI Truthfulness Scale is similar to the MMPI’s L and F-Scales. It consists of a number of items that most people agree or disagree with.

Truth-Corrected scores have proven to be very important for assessment accuracy. This proprietary truth correction process is comparable to the MMPI K-Scale correction. The PI Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with the other seven scales. The Truth Correction equation converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores. Raw scores reflect what the parolee wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the parolee is trying to hide.

Violence (Lethality) Scale: Identifies people who are a danger to themselves and others. Violence is defined as "the expression of hostility and rage through physical force directed against persons or property." It is aggression in the extreme and an unacceptable form of behavior, which is why the term "lethality" is included in parentheses.

Measuring violence potential enables PI users to identify people capable of harming themselves and others. Extremely violent (lethal) individuals score at or above the 90^th percentile on the Violence Scale, and these people are dangerous. This is a very important, yet often overlooked, behavior pattern when screening parolees.

Antisocial Scale: Measures the degree to which a person is opposed to society or moral codes. Antisocial tendencies refer to aggressive behavior that is either socially destructive or has socially undesirable consequences. Antisocial behavior often incorporates aggressive, impulsive and even violent actions that flout social and ethical codes, such as laws. Antisocial behavior is characterized by a lack of judgment, a seeming inability to learn from experience and what used to be called sociopathic behavior.

"Comprehensive Parolee Screening"

When a person manifests antisocial tendencies, they are dangerous. When a person has both antisocial tendencies with violence prone attitudes/behaviors, that person is particularly dangerous. This important scale provides considerable insight into parolee behavior, yet it is often overlooked by other screening tests.

Self-Esteem Scale: Measures the parolee’s feelings of self-acceptance and self-worth. Self-esteem incorporates an attitude of acceptance - approval versus rejection - disapproval. Self-esteem refers to a person’s perception of self. The Self-Esteem Scale score represents the person one believes oneself to be.

The concept of self-esteem has a wide application in clinical settings. It is also a major construct in forensic psychology, marital relationships and adjustment theory. Negative self-esteem has been related to inmate maladjustment. On the other hand, extremely positive self-esteem is often associated with narcissistic attitudes.

Distress Scale: Measures pain (mental and physical) and suffering. The Distress Scale score varies directly with the parolee’s symptoms (e.g., physical and mental pain, anxiety, depression and suffering). The definition of dysphoria shows the blending of distress symptomalogy, i.e., a general feeling of anxiety, depression and restlessness.

Distress sufferers are often initially guarded in interpersonal relationships, but are responsive to sincerely caring individuals. Extremely high scorers are often emotionally isolated and can even be suicidal. The height of a person’s Distress Scale score is important. Severe Problem scorers can be desperate.

Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the parolee handles stress and pressure. How well a person manages stress can effect their adjustment and mental health. We now know that stress exacerbates emotional and mental health problems. This scale is a non-introversive way to screen diagnosable or established mental health problems. A parolee scoring at or above the 90^th percentile on the Stress Coping Abilities Scale should be referred to a certified or licensed mental health practitioner for a diagnosis and treatment plan. This important area of inquiry is missed by many other screening tests.

More than just another alcohol or drug test. In addition to alcohol and drugs, the PI assesses other important areas of inquiry like truthfulness, violence (lethality) potential, antisocial tendencies, self-esteem, distress and emotional/mental health problems. The PI is specifically designed for parolee assessment. It provides the information needed for comprehensive parolee screening.

Three ways to give the PI. The PI can be administered in three different ways: 1. Paper-pencil test booklet format is the most popular testing procedure. PI English and Spanish test booklets are available -- free. 2. Tests can be given directly on the computer screen. Some departments dedicate computers for automated (computer-scored) assessment. And, 3. Human voice audio in English and Spanish computer presentation. This involves a headset. The parolee uses the up - down arrow keys. As the parolee goes from question to answer with the arrow keys, that question or answer is highlighted on the monitor and read to the parolee.

These three administration modes are discussed in the "PI: Orientation and Training Manual." Each test administration mode has advantages and some limitations. Risk & Needs offers these three testing modes so test users can select the mode that is optimally suited to their needs. No other testing firm offers these three test administration options -- let alone at no additional cost.

"Only the Nominal Test Unit Fee"

PI Test Unit Fee (Cost). To review PI cost click on the PI Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. Don't be misled by other tests à la carte expenses when they have separate  fees for the test booklets, test administrations, manuals, consulting services, staff training, summary reports, research, etc. The PI is a very affordable test.

Reading Impaired Assessment. Reading impaired clients represent 15 to 20+ percent of parolees tested. This represents a serious problem to other tests. However, Risk & Needs has developed an alternative for dealing with this problem, which is Human Voice Audio.

Human Voice Audio. Presentation of the PI is in English and Spanish. Parolees’ passive vocabularies (what they hear) are often greater than their active (spoken) vocabularies. Hearing items read out loud often helps reduce cultural and communication problems. This Human Voice Audio test administration requires earphones and simple instructions for operating the up-down arrow keys on the computer keyboard. This innovative and proprietary approach to resolving many parolee reading problems is not provided by other parolee tests.

Confidentiality. Risk & Needs encourages test users to delete parolee names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. This proprietary "name deletion" procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501). Once parolees’ names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting parolee names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the PI database for subsequent analysis.

Test Data Input Verification. This proprietary program allows the person that inputs test data from the answer sheet into the computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and second data entries are highlighted until corrected. When the first and second data entries match or are the same, the staff person can continue.

This proprietary Test Data Input Verification procedure is optional, yet it is strongly recommended by Risk & Needs. Entering PI answer sheet responses into the computer only takes around 60 seconds. Consequently, the Test Data Input Verification procedure is done quickly.

Inventory of Scientific Findings. Much of the PI research has been gathered together in a document titled "PI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes PI research chronologically -- as the studies were completed. This chronological reporting format was established largely because of the PI database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered.

Some researchers would prefer the data be reported by categories, e.g., all reliability studies and all validity studies grouped. In contrast, the chronological presentation of PI research -- as it was done -- enables readers to follow the evolution of the PI into a state-of-the-art parolee assessment or screening instrument.

Orientation and Training Manual. The "PI: Orientation and Training Manual" (O&T Manual) explains how the PI works. It is a must read for staff that will be using the PI. O&T Manual content includes, but is not limited to, the following: instructions for testing, explanations of how scores are derived and how court-related information is used, a description of unique PI features and much much more. The O&T Manual is provided to PI users at no additional cost.

Computer Operating Guide. Some computer operators want more information than others. Consequently, Risk & Needs provides a One-Page Quick Start, which includes basic instructions for scoring PI’s, and a more comprehensive "PI: Computer Operating Guide." This manual contains instructions for using MS-DOS as well as Windows software. It discusses hardware, software, scoring, printing reports, unique program features and much more. The "PI: Computer Operating Guide" is provided to PI users at no additional cost.

Standardization. Representative parolee samples may not be truly representative or accurate. To maximize accuracy, Risk & Needs standardizes directly on each parolee population. Before charging for its tests, Risk & Needs standardizes or norms the PI on the parolee population that will be tested. This can usually be completed within one month. Norming the PI on each parolee population helps insure accurate assessment. PI standardization is free.

"Available in English and Spanish"

Staff Training. Risk & Needs' staff are available to participate in PI training conducted by statewide programs, departments and high volume agency test users in the United States. Sometimes, smaller volume providers get together for collective (multiple users) on-site training. Risk & Needs typically participates in 4-hour or 6-hour training sessions. This training can include hands-on computer scoring, as desired. Attendees often receive continuing education credits (CEU’s) for the time involved. Risk & Needs gives attendees certificates attesting to their PI training.

Staff training is also provided on Fridays at Risk & Needs' Phoenix offices from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To participate, contact Risk & Needs at least ten days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.

Automated Criminogenic Structured Interview (ACSI): The ACSI is a structured interview, not a test. The ACSI consists of 65 multiple choice items. It obtains comprehensive background history, pattern of substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse and criminogenic needs information. Whatever multiple choice item answer that is selected is printed in the ACSI report. Use of the ACSI is voluntary (not required.) The ACSI is free. ACSI use is restricted to users of Risk & Needs adult tests. The ACSI is not a test, and it is not to be used as a standalone test. The ACSI is a structured interview. For more information on the ACSI and to see an ACSI report, click on this ACSI link.

Why Select the PI?

The Parolee Inventory (PI) meets and exceeds most parolee screening criteria. The PI has been repeatedly demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. It measures many important attitudes and behaviors missed by other parolee assessment procedures. Ongoing research continues to study and, as warranted, adjust for demographics and state-of-the-art psychometrics. The PI is designed specifically for parolee assessment and screening.

The PI’s eight scales measure truthfulness and substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, assess violence (lethality) potential along with antisocial tendencies, quantify self-esteem, screen parolee distress and identify the presence of established mental health problems.

The PI’s built-in database facilitates cost efficient database analysis and annual testing program reports. And, these two unique features, ongoing database analysis and annual summary reports, are provided free. A summary report can be reviewed by clicking on the Annual Summary Reports link.

PI reports are timely (available on-site in 2½ minutes), readable and easy to understand. Score-related recommendations are relevant and helpful. It is reasonable to conclude the PI is a cutting-edge contemporary parolee assessment and screening instrument. And, Risk & Needs doesn’t stop there! The PI is very affordable.  To review the PI cost click on the PI Test Unit Fee (Cost) link.

Test Unit Fee (Cost): PI cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. There is only the one cost or charge, and that is the test unit fee. Everything else is included at no additional cost to the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary testing reports, staff training, and support services. Do not be misled by some test publishers' à la carte pricing like separate costs for each test administration as well as for each of the test-related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We believe Risk & Needs' one test unit fee is very affordable.

Free Examination Kit

A 1-test PI demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in MS-DOS format so that the software is contained on the diskette. This way, the one-time Windows setup program is avoided at the demo level. The examination kit contains a 1-test demo diskette, test booklet (reusable), an answer sheet (can photocopy), a "PI: Orientation and Training Manual," One-Page Quick Start and some descriptive information. Risk & Needs does want the demonstration diskette and test booklet returned within 30 days of receipt. To request a free examination kit, click on the Free Examination Kit Request link.

For More Information

Additional information can be provided upon request. Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.

Selecting a Parolee Screening Test

If you are selecting a parolee assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. This checklist summarizes important assessment and screening qualities. The "Other" column represents any other test you might want to compare to the Parolee Inventory (PI).

"Scale Interrelationships"

PI Interpretation

An example 3-page Parolee Inventory (PI) report follows this discussion of PI interpretation. It is provided as a ready reference to augment this dialogue. There are several levels of PI interpretation ranging from viewing the PI as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and scale inter-relationships.

The following table is a starting point for interpreting PI scale scores.

A problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher. Elevated scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70^th percentile. Severe problems are identified by scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile. Problem Risk scores represent twenty percent (20%) of parolees screened. Severe Problem scores represent the highest eleven percent (11%) of parolees screened. The procedure is fair and avoids extremes, i.e., over-identification and under-identification of problems and risk.

A department's policy might be to refer parolees with severe problems for further evaluation, intervention or treatment services. In this case, 11% of the parolees screened would be referred for additional services. Or, policy might refer parolees with identified problems for additional evaluation, intervention or treatment. In that case, 31% of the parolees screened (Problem Risk and Severe Problem) would be referred. In these examples, 89% or 69% (contingent upon adopted policy) of the parolees screened would not be referred for additional (and expensive) services.

Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large with no compromises in clients receiving appropriate evaluation and/or treatment services. Indeed, more parolees would receive help. Without a screening program, there is usually more risk of over or under-utilization of additional professional services.

PI scales identify the areas they screen. And, these scales (measures) include:

PI scale interpretation is important. However, space does not allow a complete or in-depth discussion here. A rather concise discussion of PI scale interpretation follows so that serious PI users will understand the scope of multidimensional PI scale interpretation.

Scale Interpretation

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the parolee was while completing the test. This scale identifies guarded and defensive parolees who attempt to fake good. Scores at or below the 89^th percentile mean that all PI scales are accurate. Scale scores in the 70^th to 89^th percentile range are accurate because they have been Truth-Corrected. Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile mean that all PI scales are inaccurate (invalid) because the parolee was overly defensive, read things into test items that aren’t there, was attempting to minimize problems, or was caught faking answers.

Parolees with reading impairments might also score in this 90^th to 100^th percentile scoring range. If not consciously deceptive, parolees with elevated Truthfulness Scale scores are uncooperative, fail to understand test items or have a need to appear in a good light.

The Truthfulness Scale score is important because it shows whether or not the parolee answered PI items honestly. Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89^th percentile indicate that all other PI scale scores are accurate. One of the first things to check when reviewing a PI report is the Truthfulness Scale score.

2. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Identifies parolees that are dangerous to themselves and others. Violence is defined as the expression of rage and hostility through physical force. Violence is aggression in its most extreme and unacceptable form. Elevated scorers can be demanding, sensitive to perceived criticism, and insightless about how they express their anger and hostility. Severe Problem scorers should not be ignored, as they are threatening and very dangerous.

A particularly unstable and perilous situation involves an elevated Violence Scale with an elevated Antisocial, Alcohol or Drugs Scale score. Antisocial attitudes can focus violent tendencies externally on symbols of authority and control, e.g., federal agencies, politicians or supervisors. Substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse can serve as a triggering mechanism. The more of these scales that are elevated with the Violence Scale, the more dangerous the parolee becomes.

Similarly, an elevated Self-Esteem, Distress or Stress Coping Abilities Scale score with an elevated Violence Scale score can be problematic. Impaired self-esteem and/or an elevated Distress Scale score can focus much of the parolee’s violent tendencies (anger, hostility, acting out) inward. In these situations, parolees may become preoccupied with death, dying and suicide. Although scale elevations can help in understanding the parolee, the height of these scale scores is important. The more of these scale scores that are in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range, the more     violent and self-destructive the parolee becomes. An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score with an elevated Violence Scale score can provide insight regarding co-deteminants and possible intervention or treatment recommendations.

A Severe Problem Violence Scale score is a malignant sign with or without other scale elevations and identifies a potentially dangerous person. The Violence Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PI scales. In multidimensional scale interpretation, the height of each elevated scale can be important.

3. Antisocial Scale: Measures antisocial attitudes and behavior. Antisocial is defined as opposed to society or existing social organization and moral codes. Antisocial behavior refers to aggressive, impulsive and sometimes violent actions that flout social and ethical codes, such as laws, property rights, etc. This behavior pattern often begins with a conduct disorder involving lying, stealing, fighting, cruelty, truancy, vandalism, theft and substance abuse. Elevated Antisocial Scale scores are often associated with non-internalization of recognized conventions. Many high scorers manifest a seeming inability to profit from experience.

An elevated Antisocial Scale score in conjunction with an elevated Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale or Violence Scale score would be a malignant sign prognostically. The higher these scores, the more problematic the parolee becomes. Severe Problem Self-Esteem and Distress Scale scores in combination with a Severe Problem Antisocial Scale score means you have a very distressed, troubled or tormented parolee with antisocial tendencies. Such individuals are full of risk and need help. Severe Problem Antisocial and Stress Coping Abilities Scale scores suggest the possibility of a suspicious or paranoid mental health problem. The Antisocial Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PI scales.

4. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquor. It is a licit substance. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious drinking problems.

Since a history of alcohol problems (e.g., alcohol-related arrests) could result in a current non-drinker attaining a Low to Medium Risk score, precautions have been built into the PI to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics."

Several PI items are printed in the "Significant Items" and in the "Multiple Choice" sections of the PI report for quick reference as to the parolee's drinking status. These include: #12 (admission), #22 (admission), #30 (admission), #124 (admission) and #125 (self-description). The alcohol recovering question is (#129) "I am a recovering alcoholic." In addition, elevated Alcohol Scale paragraphs caution that the parolee may be recovering.

Severe Problem Alcohol Scale scores can exacerbate other scales' consequences. An alcoholic’s alcohol consumption can extensively interfere with their functioning. For example, denial (Truthfulness Scale), suicidal ideation (Self-Esteem Scale and Distress Scale), violence (Violence Scale), polysubstance abuse (Drugs or Alcohol Scale), paranoia (Stress Coping Abilities Scale and Antisocial Scale), etc. An elevated Alcohol Scale score can magnify the severity of other elevated scores when the parolee drinks.

When both the Alcohol and Drugs Scales are elevated, the higher score represents the parolee’s substance of choice. When both are in the Severe Problem range, polysubstance abuse is indicated.

The Alcohol Scale can help staff work through denial. Most parolees accept the objectively determined Alcohol Scale score as accurate. This is especially true when it is compared to somebody’s subjective opinion. And, the parolee must answer a definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions for an elevated score to occur.

The Alcohol Scale can also be interpreted independently or in combination with other PI scales. A Truthfulness Scale score at or below the 89^th percentile greatly increases confidence in Alcohol Scale score findings.

5. Drugs Scale: Measures drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to illicit substances like marijuana, crack, cocaine, ice, LSD, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious illicit drug abusers.

A history of drug-related arrests could result in an abstainer (drug history, but not presently using drugs) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score. Consequently, precautions have been built into the PI to correctly identify "recovering" drug abusers.

Several drug admission item responses are printed in the "Significant Items" and "Structured Interview" sections of the PI report. For example, item #9 (admission), #35 (admission), #69 (admission) and item #124 (Admission) when answered deviantly represent drug use admissions. Question #129 is a very direct drug recovery (I am a recovering drug abuser) item. Item #127 obtains the parolee’s self-description of drug use, and item #135 identifies the number of drug treatment programs attended.

Similar to the earlier Alcohol Scale discussion, Severe Problem Drugs Scale scores can magnify the consequences of other scales. For example, drug abuse can escalate antisocial thinking into paranoia, magnify impaired self-esteem and distress into hurtful suicide ideation, identify polysubstance abuse and contribute to drug-induced psychopathology. An elevated Drugs Scale score can magnify the severity of other scale scores when the parolee abuses drugs.

When both the Drugs and Alcohol Scales are elevated, the higher score usually represents the parolee’s substance of choice. When both of these scale scores are in the Severe Problem range, polysubstance abuse is indicated.

The Drugs Scale score can help staff work through parolee denial. When it is explained that elevated scores do not occur by chance but require a definite response pattern, many parolees accept these objective and standardized assessment findings.

The Drugs Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PI scales. An elevated Violence Scale in combination with an elevated Drugs Scale is a malignant sign because violent tendencies can be exacerbated.

6. Self-Esteem Scale: Measures the parolee’s feelings of self-acceptance and self-worth. Self-esteem reflects a parolee’s explicit valuing and appraisal of self. Self-esteem incorporates an attitude of acceptance - approval versus rejection - disapproval. Self-esteem refers to a person’s perception of self. The Self-Esteem Scale score represents the person one believes oneself to be.

Negative self-esteem has been related to maladjustment. The theory goes "the client sees themselves as bad or worthless and acts accordingly." An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) range score reflects impaired self-esteem. A pattern of self-rejection and disapproval is apparent. The parolee has a poor self-perception. Sometimes, this is associated with guilt, remorse or shame. A Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Self-Esteem Scale score is often characterized by shame, humiliation, uncertainty and even unbearable worry. The parolee disapproves of himself or herself.

Elevated Violence, Distress and Stress Coping Abilities Scales with the Self-Esteem Scale is problematic and could represent suicidal or homicidal ideation. And, substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse can foster even more disapproval of self. The higher these scale scores are, the more perilous and threatening the parolee’s situation becomes.

The Self-Esteem Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PI scales. Many professionals believe that a person’s behavior is a reflection of their self-esteem. The concept of self-esteem is widely used in clinical settings.

7. Distress Scale: Measures experienced pain (physical and mental), hurt and suffering. The Distress Scale provides a quantitative score that varies directly with parolees’ self-reported symptoms. This definition of distress incorporates parolees’ medical problems, pain and suffering as well as people experiencing anxiety and depression. The interacting or blending of these symptom clusters is evident in the definition of dysphoia, i.e., general feeling of anxiety, restlessness and depression. Perceived distress is the major reason people seek help or are referred for counseling or treatment.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Distress Scale score identifies parolees experiencing symptoms of pain, suffering, anxiety and depression. A Distress Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies parolees with severe and established symptoms of distress.

Sometimes, elevated Alcohol and Drugs Scales in conjunction with an elevated Distress Scale identify hurting individuals that are attempting to self-medicate. Elevated Violence and Distress Scales are problematic. The higher Severe Problem score can provide insight regarding internalization (suicide) or externalization (explosions/homicide) of frustration, hostility and distress. Severe Problem Self-Esteem and Distress Scale scores indicate the parolee is on the verge of being overwhelmed. This is a malignant prognostic sign. And, a Severe Problem Stress Coping Abilities Scale score in conjunction with a Severe Problem Distress Scale score suggests an established mental health problem exists. In this case, a subsequent diagnosis will likely be of a neurotic (as opposed to psychotic) nature.

The Distress Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PI scales. A person with a Severe Problem Distress Scale score typically will readily discuss their feelings with a sincerely interested, compassionate and supportive staff member.

8. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the parolee copes or handles stress. Stress exacerbates symptoms of emotional and mental health problems. Thus, an elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score in conjunction with other elevated PI scales can help explain the parolee’s situation. When a parolee doesn’t handle stress well, other existing problems are often exacerbated. Such problem augmentation applies to all other PI scales.

An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can also exacerbate emotional and mental health symptomalogy. When a Stress Coping Abilities Scale score is in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range, it is likely that the parolee has a diagnosable mental health problem. In these instances, referral to a certified or licensed mental health professional might be considered for a diagnosis and treatment plan. Lower elevated scores suggest possible referral alternatives like stress management training or counseling.

The Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other PI scales. The Stress Coping Abilities Scale is much more than just a measure of experienced stress. It measures how well the individual copes with stress. Two people can be in the same stressful situation, yet one person can be overwhelmed while the other person handles the stress well. The Stress Coping Abilities Scale accounts for these highly individualized reactions to stress.

Epilogue

The Parolee Inventory (PI) is the product of over 23 years of licensed psychologist experience evaluating defendants, probationers, inmates, parolees and patients. These different client groups mandate different assessment and screening priorities. And, these assessment settings differ greatly. To accommodate these differences, Risk & Needs has developed different tests for different client groups in different environmental settings. For example, there is the Defendant Questionnaire, SAQ-Adult Probation III, Prison Inmate Inventory, Parolee Inventory, Victim Index and several other tests.

The alternative to specific tests for specific client groups is transparent and depthless alcohol and drug tests with a very limited scope. Test users want and need more than just alcohol or drug information. Each Risk & Needs test includes multiple scales (measures) to provide users with the information they want and need. For example, the Parolee Inventory (PI) has 8 measures (scales).

Why use the PI in parolee assessment? As stated in the preface, the reasons are many and include objective, standardized, accurate and fair parolee screening. Early problem identification facilitates positive intervention and treatment. An effective parolee screening program enables problem prone individuals to be helped, as opposed to waiting for them to fail. And, the PI database permits cost efficient (no additional cost) annual summary reports and research.

* * * * *

In conclusion, it was noted that there are several "levels" of PI interpretation ranging from viewing the PI as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and interrelationships. Staff can then put PI test report findings within the context of the parolee’s life and court situation.

For more information on how the PI works, users are encouraged to read the "PI: Orientation and Training Manual." Each scale's methodology is explained, unique as-sessment features are discussed and more detailed information is presented. And, if you have any questions, please contact Risk & Needs so we can help.

How to Proceed

To become a Risk & Needs test user, click on the Agreement & Proposals link, click on the Print Client User Agreement button and fax the completed form to (602) 266-8227, or mail your completed form to Risk & Needs. Upon its receipt by Risk & Needs, you become a Risk & Needs test user and can order tests. Current Risk & Needs test users can reorder by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail.

Other related links are listed for reference. They are available as needed.

    Test Unit Fee (Cost) webpage link. Explains Risk & Needs' Test Unit Fees or Costs.
    New Client Orders webpage link. Explains steps to become a "new Risk & Needs client."
    How to Order Tests webpage link. Explains how Risk & Needs tests can be ordered.

Additional information can be provided upon request. Contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828, Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828. Risk & Needs' telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.

AN EXAMPLE PI REPORT FOLLOWS

Within 2½ minutes of the test data entry a PI test is scored, and its 3-page report is printed on-site. Although PI reports have similar outlines or formats, each report is highly individualized.

The first page of the PI report begins with the parolee's name and some basic demographics. The PI profile is centrally located on the first page. Scale titles are presented on the left side of the page. And, going from the left to right, the parolee's attained percentile scores are presented along with a graphical presentation of each score. This helps experienced PI assessors understand test results at a glance. Self-reported court history is presented at the bottom of page one. Sometimes, it's helpful to compare the parolee's reported history with their available records.

The second page of the PI report contains summary paragraphs for six of the eight PI scales. These scales include: 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Alcohol Scale, 3. Drugs Scale, 4. Antisocial Scale, 5. Violence (Lethality) Scale, and 6. Distress Scale. Each paragraph presents the parolee's attained score, explains what that score means and sets forth score-related recommendations.

The third page of the PI report completes the Distress Scale and continues with the Self-Esteem and Stress Coping Abilities Scale paragraphs. Then, "significant items" (direct admissions or unusual answers) are reported for the Alcohol, Drugs, Antisocial, and Violence (Lethality), Distress and Self-Esteem Scales.

The fourth page begins with Section 3, which consists of a multiple choice. Parolee answers to items 122 through 135 are presented. It's usually of interest to compare these subjective answers to the objective empirically based scale scores. Space is provided for staff recommendations and/or comments, staff member signature and the date of testing. Page 4 concludes with a reproduction of all parolee's answers or responses. This facilitates reviewing the answers of items of interest.

To go back to the PI Reports section, click the Return to PI Reports Section link.

We hope this webpage was interesting and helpful. And if you have any questions, please contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828, Phoenix, Arizona  85064-4828. Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is hhl@riskandneeds.com.

Website Recommendations:  An easy way to refer this website to your co-workers and colleagues is available to you by clicking on the Website Recommendations link.  Type in the e-mail address of the person you want to introduce to this Risk & Needs website and click on the submit button.  It's that easy.

Copyright 2003 - Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc. - All Rights Reserved